Reference soil Malaysia 61: Arenosol

MY061

Arenosols occur over large areas in Africa, central and western Australia, the Middle East and central China. Smaller areas are found along coastlines all over the world.

Characteristics

Soils with a loamy sand or coarser texture either to a depth of at least 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon between 50 and 100 cm from the soil surface. They contain less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments or other coarse fragments within 100 cm from the soil surface and have no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric, yermic or albic horizon, a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon below 50 cm from the soil surface, or an argic or spodic horizon below 200 cm below the soil surface.

Distribution of Arenosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil MY061: Arenosols

A recent alluvial soil on gentle slope landinwards, near swale separating two ridges. There are common mottles of different colours between 15 and 122 cm. In Bs horizon there are common reddish brown concretions, often with a layer of more reddish material (iron oxide ?) surrounding it. This material is concentrated at 46-60 cm, from 60-76 cm it is less dark and more like mottles. Most roots do not grow deeper than 46 cm. The 2C horizon consists of coarser sand and is distinctly micaceous. The soils of the Rambungan series are good for coconut but would need adequate amounts of fertilizer for obtaining good yields. Melons are also planted with success. (additional climatic data: days with precipitation >0,1mm)

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	0	0.1	2.1	82.6	6.4	91.2	0.6	1.7	2.3	6.3
10-20	-	0	0	1.7	87.5	5.9	95.1	0.8	1.4	2.2	2.6
35-45	-	0	0.1	2.9	90.7	5	98.7	0.3	0.4	0.7	0.6
60-70	-	0	0	0.7	84.1	14.4	99.2	0.2	0.8	1	0
80-90	-	0	0.2	2.8	87.6	7.5	98.1	0.6	1	1.6	0.3
110-130	-	0	0	1.3	72.9	25.3	99.5	0.2	0.8	1	0

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	1.034	-	-	-	6.3
10-20	-	-	-	-	2.6
35-43	1.385	-	-	-	-
105-113	1.728	-	-	-	-
35-45	-	-	-	-	0.6
60-70	-	-	-	-	0
80-90	-	-	-	-	0.3
110-130	-	-	-	-	0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-5	1.034	50.3	49.1	44	22.1	19	18.4	7.5	7
35-43	1.385	46.1	45.2	43.9	8	6.6	6.1	2.1	1.8
105-113	1.728	38.3	37.9	37.2	8.6	7.5	7.1	3.5	2.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	6.0	5.1	0.27	-	1.75	0.05	35	-	-	5.6	0.7	0.1	0.0	6.4
10-20	6.9	5.5	0.07	0.1	0.43	0	-	-	-	2.8	0.4	0.1	0.1	3.4
35-45	7.3	5.8	0.03	0.2	0.09	0	-	-	-	2.2	0.3	0.1	0.0	2.6
60-70	8.0	6.8	0.08	0.8	0.06	-	-	-	-	3.4	0.3	0.1	0.0	3.8
80-90	8.6	7.7	0.07	6.2	0.02	-	-	-	-	6.5	0.6	0.1	0.0	7.2
110-130	8.3	7.6	0.08	1.2	0.04	-	-	-	-	3.6	0.3	0.1	0.0	4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	72	8.9	141	6.1	-	-	-
10-20	85	4	154	1.5	-	-	-
35-45	79	3.3	550	0.3	-	-	-
60-70	115	3.3	-	0.2	-	-	-
80-90	248	2.9	967	0.1	-	-	-
110-130	118	3.4	-	0.1	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	0.03	0	2.05	0.1	0.18	0.03	-	0.31
10-20	-	-	-	0.04	0.01	0.26	0.03	0.09	0.02	-	0.22
35-45	-	-	-	0.04	0.02	0.34	0.06	0.02	0.01	-	0.24
60-70	-	-	-	0.04	0.02	0.13	0.02	0.01	0	-	0.25
80-90	-	-	-	0.04	0.02	0.13	0.02	0.01	0	-	0.2
110-130	-	-	-	0.03	0.01	0.09	0.01	0	0	-	0.15

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-5	1.2	0.2	3.6	0.12	0.14	-	89.0	0.99
10-20	1.1	0.11	3.5	0.13	0.14	-	92.3	1.09
35-45	1.1	0.1	3.5	0.16	0.24	-	95.1	1.03
60-70	1.8	0.32	8.9	0.12	0.65	-	77.3	5.53
80-90	1.2	3.49	3.8	0.20	0.37	-	85.6	1.42
110-130	2.2	0.53	14.3	0.09	0.82	-	58.1	13.7

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-5	0.5	4.3	0.06	0.07	125.9	65.8	43.2
10-20	0.5	1.3	0.06	0.06	142.4	70.2	47
35-45	0.5	0.7	0.08	0.04	146.7	72.3	48.5
60-70	0.3	1.8	0.27	0.17	72.9	23.1	17.6
80-90	0.5	4.0	0.10	0.06	121.1	60	40.1
110-130	0.2	1.8	0.61	0.33	44.8	10.8	8.7

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-5	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak	weak	-
10-20	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak	weak	-
35-45	very weak	-	-	strong	-	-	weak	very weak to weak	-	very weak	very weak to weak	-
60-70	very weak	-	-	medium to strong	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
80-90	very weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
110-130	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak	-	-	very weak	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-15 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)medium sand,weak crumb,frequent worm channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
E 15-30 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/8, moist)medium sand,structureless,faint mottles,clear smooth boundary to,
EB 30-46 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)medium sand,structureless and weak crumb,(7.5 YR 6/8),clear wavy boundary to,
Bo 46-76 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist)medium sand,cylindrical ferruginous concretions,diffuse smooth boundary to,
76-122 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)medium sand,very weak crumb,diffuse smooth boundary to,
C 122-152 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, moist)medium sand,very weak crumb,
C 122-152 cm	coarse sand

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	beach sand

Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Mixed secondary jungle, coconuts
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	closed forest

Altitude	1m
Physiographic Unit	subrecent raised beach
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	beach ridge
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Malaysia 61: Arenosol

Characteristics

Reference soil MY061: Arenosols

Classification