Reference soil Mali 03: Luvisol

ML003

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ML003: Luvisols

See also data of unit DA4 in "Mali Land and Water Resources" 1983, PIRT, mapscale 1:500.000 *Sols brun-rouges sub-arides de transition vers les ferrugineux. *Monitoring of vegetation by PIRT period 1980-1986. Landscape: eroded dunes, very weak undulating. Deeper subsoil is imperfectly drained. Geogenesis:probably cover sand over ancient alluvial plain (check with textural analysis and micromorphology). Groundwater in nearby wells at a depth of about 50 meters. No meteo station with reliable data nearby site; precipitation is approximately the average of data from Kogoni(54.2cm) and Niafunke(28,0cm), for other meteo elements the average values of the meteo stations of Segou and Timbuctu should be taken

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Cutanic- Luvisol (Ruptic Hyposodic Hyperochric Arenic)

Albi-Arenic- Luvisol (Hyposodic Cutanic)

12-74 cm	argic horizon
74-80 cm	albic horizon
80-124 cm	argic horizon
-	aridic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Areni-Haplic Luvisol sodic

Luvic Xerosol sodic

0-12 cm	ochric A horizon
12-74 cm	argic B horizon
74-80 cm	albic E horizon
-	sodic

0-12 cm	ochric A horizon
12-74 cm	argillic B horizon
74-80 cm	albic E horizon

Local classification:	Sol brun-rouge sub-aride de transition vers un sol ferrugineux

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Haplargid aridic loamy hyperthermic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	0.5	5.4	9.9	39.3	31.3	86.4	8.6	0.5	9.1	4.6
12-37	-	0.7	6.6	11.0	38.4	24.3	81	9.2	1.2	10.4	8.5
37-74	-	0.8	6.4	10.4	36.1	24.5	78.2	7.8	4.1	11.9	9.9
74-80	-	0.7	6.9	11.0	38.2	26.9	83.7	11.0	0.4	11.4	4.9
80-108	-	1.0	6.8	9.9	30.5	21.6	69.8	4.1	5.9	10	20.2
108-124	-	1.1	7.9	10.2	27.9	18.8	65.9	6.5	2.4	8.9	25.2
124-170	-	0.7	4.0	9.5	37.3	21.1	72.6	3.7	1.2	4.9	22.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	0.0	4.6
10-15	1.63	-	-	-	-
50-55	1.51	-	-	-	-
12-37	-	-	-	5.4	8.5
120-125	1.56	-	-	-	-
37-74	-	-	-	7.5	9.9
74-80	-	-	-	10.9	4.9
80-108	-	-	-	8.5	20.2
108-124	-	-	-	11.6	25.2
124-170	-	-	-	9.5	22.4

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
10-15	1.63	37.4	36.0	34.5	15.1	10.0	6.5	4.9	4.5
50-55	1.51	39.7	37.9	29.1	17.8	13.4	11.0	5.8	5.5
120-125	1.56	44.1	42.9	39.6	31.6	28.3	25.1	15.2	13.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-12	6.7	5.6	0.03	-	0.19	0.02	10	0.1	0.0	1.0	0.5	0.2	0.0	1.7
12-37	6.2	4.7	0.01	-	0.10	0.02	5	0.1	0.0	1.2	0.9	0.2	0.0	2.3
37-74	6.0	4.3	0.01	-	0.08	0.01	8	0.1	0.0	1.2	1.3	0.2	0.0	2.7
74-80	6.4	4.7	0.01	-	0.04	-	-	0.1	0.0	0.6	0.4	0.0	0.0	1
80-108	6.6	4.4	0.03	-	0.09	-	-	0.1	0.0	3.6	1.7	0.2	0.4	5.9
108-124	8.3	6.1	0.04	1.0	0.06	-	-	-	-	6.9	2.9	0.2	0.6	10.6
124-170	8.9	7.6	0.15	0.9	0.03	-	-	-	-	11.0	2.8	0.2	0.7	14.7

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-12	85	2.0	43	0.7	-	0	0
12-37	88	2.6	31	0.4	-	0	0
37-74	77	3.5	35	0.3	-	0	0
74-80	83	1.2	24	0.1	-	0	0
80-108	89	6.6	33	0.3	-	0	6
108-124	106	10.0	40	0.2	-	-	6
124-170	150	9.8	44	0.1	-	-	7

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
74-80	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0.0	-	-	-	-
80-108	-	-	-	-	-	0.4	0.0	-	-	-	-
108-124	-	-	-	-	-	0.5	0.1	-	-	-	-
124-170	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	0.0	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-12	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	weak	-
12-37	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong to very strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
37-74	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong to very strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
74-80	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
80-108	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong to very strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	medium to strong	-
108-124	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong to very strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	strong to very strong	-
124-170	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong to very strong	very weak to weak	weak	very weak to weak	strong to very strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-12 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)loamy sand,moderately coherent porous massive,soft very friable non sticky non plastic,common very fine pores,common fine roots,non calcareous,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bt1 12-37 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)loamy sand,moderately coherent porous massive,hard friable slightly sticky non plastic,patchy thin clay cutans in root channels and pores,common very fine inped tubular random pores,few fine roots,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 37-74 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,moderately coherent porous massive,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy moderately thick clay cutans in root channels and pores,many very fine inped tubular random pores,few fine roots,non calcareous,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2E 74-80 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, moist)loamy sand,weakly coherent porous massive,soft very friable non sticky non plastic,many very fine pores,few fine roots,non calcareous,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2Bt3 80-108 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,strongly coherent porous massive,very hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy moderately thick clay cutans in root channels and pores,many very fine inped tubular random pores,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
3Bt4 108-124 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate very coarse angular blocky,very hard firm sticky slightly plastic,broken moderately thick clay cutans in root channels and pores cutans,many very fine inped tubular random pores,slightly calcareous (0-2%),gradual smooth boundary to,
3Cg 124-170 cm	light brownish grey (10YR 6/2, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate very coarse angular blocky,highly firm sticky plastic,many (15-40%) fine distinct clear mottles (10 YR 6/6),common very fine inped tubular random pores,slightly calcareous (0-2%),

Depth1	80cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian sand
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	"delta mort"alluvium
Soil Depth	110cm
Texture of parent material	sandy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Species listing in file *
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	265m
Physiographic Unit	transition toward lower unit
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	dune field
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	170cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	0-170cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Depth to groundwater table	5000cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	108cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Mali 03: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ML003: Luvisols

Classification