Reference soil Mali 04: Luvisol

ML004

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ML004: Luvisols

See also data of unit TH4 in "Mali Land and Water Resources", 1983, PIRT, mapscale 1:500.000. *Monitoring of vegetation by PIRT in the period 1980-1986. At the moment of site description no grass cover present, nearly 100% bare soil. Classification:(ST) when not Natrargid than typic Halaquept;(FAO) when not Xerosol then orthic Solonetz. Angular blocks of the horizons deeper than 14cm have tilted pedfaces (shearplanes/vertic properties?). No meteostation with reliable data nearby the site; precipitation is approximately the average of data from Kogoni(48.5cm) and Niafunke(28.0cm), for other elements average values of the meteostations of Segou and Timbuctu should be taken.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Vertic- Luvisol (Hypereutric Hyperochric)

Hyperochri-Vertic- Luvisol

14-135 cm	vertic horizon
14-135 cm	argic horizon
-	aridic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Aridi-Vertic Luvisol takyric

Haplic Xerosol

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
14-135 cm	argic B horizon
-	vertic

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
14-135 cm	cambic B horizon
-	aridic moisture regime

Local classification:	Sol sodique

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Natrargid aridic clayey hyperthermic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	1.3	3.8	7.7	26.7	13.9	53.4	8.0	7.5	15.5	31.0
14-50	-	1.3	3.4	7.2	21.8	10.6	44.3	4.0	6.1	10.1	45.7
50-85	-	1.0	3.3	7.7	20.7	9.6	42.3	5.8	8.1	13.9	43.7
85-135	-	0.8	2.6	8.1	21.2	8.9	41.6	6.8	5.6	12.4	46.0
135-160	-	0.5	1.8	6.7	39.7	26.3	75	2.2	2.4	4.6	20.4
160-170	-	0.2	0.8	2.5	14.7	7.3	25.5	5.0	6.6	11.6	62.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	14.1	31.0
6-11	1.50	-	-	-	-
45-50	1.56	-	-	-	-
14-50	-	-	-	18.8	45.7
105-110	1.47	-	-	-	-
50-85	-	-	-	20.3	43.7
85-135	-	-	-	20.3	46.0
135-160	-	-	-	10.2	20.4
160-170	-	-	-	47.0	62.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
6-11	1.50	44.8	43.5	39.2	31.8	29.5	24.8	14.8	13.0
45-50	1.56	43.7	42.5	40.9	36.9	35.0	30.4	18.2	16.2
105-110	1.47	46.0	44.6	43.0	38.3	36.5	32.3	19.9	18.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	7.6	5.7	0.13	1.3	0.23	0.03	8	-	-	11.5	2.5	0.7	0.1	14.8
14-50	7.9	5.7	0.11	1.3	0.17	0.02	9	-	-	15.6	2.5	0.1	0.1	18.3
50-85	8.2	5.7	0.07	1.6	0.14	-	-	-	-	15.6	2.1	0.1	0.3	18.1
85-135	8.3	6.1	0.14	1.3	0.12	-	-	-	-	16.0	2.3	0.2	0.3	18.8
135-160	8.2	5.8	0.06	0.5	0.03	-	-	-	-	6.5	1.1	0.1	0.1	7.8
160-170	8.2	5.7	0.09	1.6	0.06	-	-	-	-	18.6	3.4	0.2	0.4	22.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	109	13.6	44	0.8	-	-	1
14-50	99	18.4	40	0.6	-	-	1
50-85	99	18.2	42	0.5	-	-	2
85-135	103	18.2	40	0.4	-	-	2
135-160	104	7.5	37	0.1	-	-	1
160-170	101	22.4	36	0.2	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	0.3	0.0	-	-	-	0.0
14-50	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	0.3	0.1	-	-	-	0.0
50-85	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1	-	-	-	0.0
85-135	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1	-	-	-	0.0
135-160	-	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	-	-	-	0.0
160-170	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	0.4	0.1	-	-	-	0.0

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-14	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak	weak	-	strong	-
14-50	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak	very weak to weak	-	strong	-
50-85	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	weak	-	strong	-
85-135	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	weak	-	medium to strong	-
135-160	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	weak	-	strong	-
160-170	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	weak	-	strong	-

Profile description

Ah 0-14 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, moist)sandy clay loam,strong medium and coarse angular blocky,hard sticky plastic,few very fine pores,common very fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),gradual smooth boundary to,
BAi 14-50 cm	dark grey (5Y 4/1, moist)silty clay loam,strong coarse and very coarse angular blocky,hard sticky slightly plastic,broken moderately thick slickensides,common very fine pores,common very fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bi1 50-85 cm	(2.5Y 4.5/1, moist)silty clay,strong very coarse angular blocky,hard sticky slightly plastic,broken moderately thick slickensides,few very fine pores and many micro pores,few very fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bi2 85-135 cm	(2.5Y 4/1, moist)silty clay loam,massive to weak very coarse columnar,very hard sticky slightly plastic,patchy moderately thick slickensides,few very fine pores,few very fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),gradual smooth boundary to,
2C 135-160 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/2, moist)loamy sand,strongly coherent massive to weak very coarse columnar,hard non sticky non plastic,few very fine pores,slightly calcareous (0-2%),clear smooth boundary to,
3Cg 160-170 cm	(light) grey (5Y 6/1, moist)clay loam,strong coarse and very coarse angular blocky,very hard sticky slightly plastic,common(5-15%) fine distinct clear mottles (10 YR 6/6),continuous moderately thick pressure cutans,few very fine pores,slightly calcareous (0-2%),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	"delta mort"alluvium
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	loamy

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Species listing in file *
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	260m
Physiographic Unit	low flat plain
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial plain
Slope	0%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-150cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	strongly alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface slaked; sorted sand/silt, some clay films
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Mali 04: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ML004: Luvisols

Classification