Reference soil Mali 07: Plinthosol

ML007

Plinthosols occur mainly in the moist tropical regions in low-lying positions where iron from the soil and adjacent uplands is accumulating.

Characteristics

Soils having either a petroplinthic horizon within 50 cm from the soil surface, or a plinthic horizon which either starts within 50 cm from the soil surface, or within 100 cm from the soil surface if it underlies an albic horizon or a horizon with stagnic properties.

Distribution of Plinthosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ML007: Plinthosols

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: CIR -consistency is compact.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Acric-Vetic-Petric- Plinthosol (Dystric)

Acri-Epipetric- Plinthosol (Vetic)

30-120 cm	petroplinthic horizon
7-30 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Veti-Haplic Acrisol petroferric

Ferric Acrisol petroferric

0-7 cm	ochric A horizon
7-30 cm	argic B horizon

0-7 cm	ochric A horizon
7-30 cm	argillic B horizon
-	ferric

Local classification:	Sol à cuirasse

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-7	13	13.6	22.5	21.4	13.4	4.3	75.2	14.9	3.9	18.8	5.9
7-15	58	12.2	17.2	18.9	13.9	4.6	66.8	15.5	5.3	20.8	12.5
15-30	34	15.8	14.1	10.8	9.0	4.5	54.2	15	8.1	23.1	13.5
50-100	-	18.1	17.7	9.5	6.8	3.4	55.5	11.7	9.7	21.4	23.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-7	1.53	-	-	3.1	5.9
48-53	1.88	-	-	-	-
7-15	-	-	-	7.2	12.5
15-30	-	-	-	13.5	13.5
50-100	-	-	-	2.5	23.1

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-7	1.53	36.5	33.3	22.1	15.4	13.4	11.0	5.4	4.5
48-53	1.88	32.8	32.8	28.1	24.4	23.2	21.7	32.2	25.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-7	6.5	5.5	0.02	-	0.59	0.04	15	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.5	0.1	0.0	2.2
7-15	5.5	4.4	0.01	-	0.49	0.04	12	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.8
15-30	5.2	4.2	0.01	-	0.64	0.04	16	1.2	0.9	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2
50-100	5.5	4.7	0.01	-	0.11	-	-	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-7	100	2.2	37	2.1	-	0	0
7-15	38	2.1	17	1.7	-	10	0
15-30	7	2.9	21	2.2	-	31	0
50-100	3	4.0	17	0.4	-	0	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.0	-	-	-	0.0
7-15	-	-	-	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.0	-	-	-	0.0
15-30	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	1.6	0.3	-	-	-	0.1
50-100	-	-	-	0.1	0.0	7.9	0.6	-	-	-	0.1

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-7	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very strong	weak	-	very weak to weak	-	-
7-15	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very strong	weak	-	very weak to weak	-	-
15-30	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	-	very weak	-	-
50-100	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-10 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, dry) (dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)gravelly sandy loam,weak coarse subangular blocky,soft (dry) very friable non sticky non plastic (moist),few hard ferruginous nodules,non calcareous,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt 10-30 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, moist)very gravelly sandy loam,single grain,soft (dry) friable slightly sticky non plastic (moist),very frequent hard ferruginous nodules,non calcareous,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bom 30-120 cm	light red (2.5YR 6/6, moist)very gravelly sandy clay loam,massive,extremely hard (dry),clay cutans in cracks,dominant hard ferruginous segregations,continuous indurated petroferric pans,non calcareous,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	lateritic material
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Texture of parent material	loamy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Altitude	350m
Physiographic Unit	alluvial fan
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial fan
Slope	2%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Mali 07: Plinthosol

Characteristics

Reference soil ML007: Plinthosols

Classification