Reference soil Mozambique 08: Solonetz

MZ008

Solonetzes occur where a sodium source supplies the clay-rich subsoil with exchangeable Na, causing peptization of clay and organic substances and deterioration of the topsoil.

Characteristics

Soils having a natric horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon and more than 15% exchangeable sodium) within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Solonetz (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil MZ008: Solonetz

effective soil depth: >180 cm. PHYSIOGRAPHY: Slope length: - 200 m. Meso relief: - 4-7 active and non-active termite mounds per ha, coverage 2-10%, 50-200 cm high. Besides micro 5-20 cm, 10-20 m. Low and round -> non-active; non-covered, high and narrow -> active. Micro relief: - coarse sand grains. Slaking: - 1 mm crust, soft; below: very little compaction. HYDROLOGY: drainage: - little surface drainage on higher parts of plain (only after saturation top soil). Lower parts of plain can become ponded during rains. Aerial Photographs show some indication of fossile drainage pattern, that may be active still in some parts. perched ground water: - possibly fluctuating from 0 to 60 cm. VEGETATION AND LAND USE: coverage(%) regional local trees <10 0 shrubs 5 3 herbs 5 3 grasses 30-60 40 bare ground 30-70 60 ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: E - colour: also 10YR6/3 (dry) and 10YR5/3 (moist). Bt1 - colour: grading into 10YR (dry and moist). - mottles type I: also many, medium, clear and 10YR5/8. - cutans: also broken/continuous moderately thick/thick clay-humus. - vague tonguing along main cracks, sand, not strong bleached. - insect nests. Bt2 - mottles type II: also 10YR3/2 - insect nests. C - mottles: also 7.5YR2/6 - termite burrows. Black mottles tend to harden a little in the lowest horizons.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Stagnic- Solonetz (Albic Abruptic Magnesic)

Stagni-Magnesic- Solonetz (Albic)

10-21 cm	albic horizon
21-56 cm	argic horizon
56-85 cm	natric horizon
-	reducing conditions
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	abrupt textural change

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Epidystri-Stagnic Solonetz

Solodic Planosol

0-10 cm	ochric A horizon
10-21 cm	albic E horizon
21-85 cm	natric B horizon
-	abrupt textural change
-	stagnic

0-10 cm	ochric A horizon
10-21 cm	albic E horizon
21-85 cm	natric B horizon
-	abrupt textural change
-	hydromorphic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	4.8	20.3	30.3	20.7	6.0	82.1	3.1	6.1	9.2	8.7
10-21	-	5.5	21.8	29.0	19.8	5.4	81.5	4.5	6.9	11.4	6.9
21-56	-	5.3	21.0	21.9	11.7	3.1	63	1.5	4.8	6.3	30.6
56-85	-	5.1	18.5	21.0	12.1	3.4	60.1	2.9	4.6	7.5	32.5
85-130	-	3.8	13.4	18.4	12.9	4.1	52.6	3.0	12.1	15.1	32.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
20-30	1.544	-	-	-	-
0-10	-	25	-	-	8.7
40-50	1.604	-	-	-	-
10-21	-	23	-	-	6.9
70-80	1.546	-	-	-	-
21-56	-	101	-	-	30.6
56-85	-	104	-	-	32.5
110-120	1.399	-	-	-	-
85-130	-	137	-	-	32.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
20-30	1.544	40.6	40.3	37.7	33.3	31.3	29.7	26.3	23.5
40-50	1.604	41.8	41.3	37.9	33.4	31.4	29.6	27.3	24.4
70-80	1.546	43.1	41.5	37.5	32.7	30.5	28.4	26.8	23.2
110-120	1.399	46.3	44.7	40.3	34.5	31.7	29.2	26.6	22.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	6.3	5.3	0.08	1.1	0.63	0.05	13	-	-	1.6	1.3	0.5	0.2	3.6
10-21	6.5	5.3	0.06	1.0	0.56	0.03	19	-	-	1.0	1.0	0.3	0.6	2.9
21-56	6.6	5.5	0.34	1.6	0.38	-	-	-	-	3.6	6.2	1.1	2.9	13.8
56-85	7.8	6.3	0.85	1.6	0.07	-	-	-	-	3.8	6.9	1.0	2.4	14.1
85-130	8.0	6.7	1.52	1.9	0.17	-	-	-	-	3.8	7.9	1.2	5.2	18.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	80	4.5	52	2.2	-	-	4
10-21	67	4.3	62	2.0	-	-	14
21-56	86	16	52	1.3	-	-	18
56-85	95	14.8	46	0.2	-	-	16
85-130	101	17.9	55	0.6	-	-	29

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	0.03	0.00	0.27	0.06	0.02	0.00	-	0.09
10-21	-	-	-	0.03	0.00	0.31	0.04	0.03	0.00	-	0.09
21-56	-	-	-	0.08	0.04	0.48	0.09	0.03	0.02	-	0.10
56-85	-	-	-	0.06	0.06	0.43	0.08	0.01	0.02	-	0.07
85-130	-	-	-	0.07	0.04	0.39	0.08	0.00	0.01	-	0.00
0-20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.04

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak	weak to medium	weak	-
10-21	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	weak	weak to medium	weak	-
21-56	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak to medium	-
56-85	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak	very weak to weak	-
85-130	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak	very weak to weak	-

Profile description

Ah 0-10 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)loamy sand,weak fine subangular blocky and moderately coherent porous massive,slightly hard very friable non sticky non plastic,common very finediscontinuous inped interstitial pores and discontinuous inped tubular pores,common very fine and fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),clear smooth boundary to,
E 10-21 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, dry) dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)loamy sand,strongly coherent porous massive,very hard friable non sticky non plastic,common (5-15%) medium faint clear mottles10YR3/3 (dark brown) and common (5-15%) medium distinct clear 10YR4/4 (dark yellowish brown) mottles,common very fine discontinuous inped interstitial pores and discontinuous inped tubular pores,common very fine and fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),abrupt smooth boundary to,
Btn1 21-56 cm	dark greyish brown (2.5Y 4/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (2.5Y 3/2, moist)sandy clay,strong very coarse prismatic parting to moderate to strong coarse and very coarse angular blocky,very hard friable sticky plastic,common (5-15%) medium distinct sharp mottles 10YR5/6 (yellowish brown) and common (5-15%) fine distinct sharp 7.5YR2/6 (Invalid Code:)mottles,continuous thick clay and humus cutans,few to common very fine discontinuous inped interstitial pores and commondiscontinuous inped tubular pores,few very fine roots,slightly calcareous (0-2%),clear smooth boundary to,
Btn2 56-85 cm	dark greyish brown (2.5Y 4/2, dry) (2.5Y 4/3, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,few (2-5%) fine distinct clear mottles10YR5/6 (yellowish brown) and common (5-15%) heterogeneous distinct clear 7.5YR2/0 (black) mottles,patchy thick clay and humus cutans,few to common very fine discontinuous inped interstitial pores,few very fine roots,very few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,slightly calcareous (0-2%),clear smooth boundary to,
Ckn 85-130 cm	light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4, dry) (2.5Y 5/3, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate fine and medium angular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,common (5-15%) heterogeneous faint clear mottles 10YR3/2 (very dark greyish brown) and 2.5YR3/2 (dusky red),common very fine discontinuous inped interstitial pores,few very fine roots,few medium irregular hard calcareous concretions and very few small spherical soft manganiferous concretions,slightly calcareous (0-2%),

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	marine sediments
Texture of parent material	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	harmless
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	wind

Major crops	maize
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	rainfed arable cultivation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: bushy grassland, bushes concentrated on termite mounds
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland

Altitude	70m
Physiographic Unit	slope
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	0%
Slope Aspect	north-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	85cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Dry From - To	0-130cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	21cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	slightly alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface slaked; sorted sand/silt, some clay films
Microrelief Height: variation in height	125
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Mozambique 08: Solonetz

Characteristics

Reference soil MZ008: Solonetz

Classification