Reference soil Netherlands 18: Planosol

NL018

Planosols occur in level landscapes throughout the world often associated with broad river valleys.

Characteristics

Soils having an eluvial horizon, the lower boundary of which is marked. within 100 cm from the soil surface, by an abrupt textural change associated with stagnic properties above that boundary. The feature of albeluvic tonguing, however, is lacking.

Distribution of Planosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil NL018: Planosols

A very dark brown to brown surface horizon and a light yellowish brown eluvial horizon, both with a slightly gravelly loamy sand texture, overlying abruptly a pale olive to light olive gray illuvial horizon with slightly gravelly sandy clay loam to sandy loam texture. Gley mottling appear in the lower part of eluvial horizon, extending down to 325 cm. Groundwater table fluctuates normally from 10 cm in winter and spring to over 100 cm in summer and autumn. Below 145 cm discrete calcareous nodules occur.The parent material is Saalean boulder clay overlying heavy liassic clay deposits. (additional climatic data: xa - insolation (hrs))

Classification

WRB 1998

Luvi-Gleyic- Planosol (Albic Alumic)

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Ali-Dystric Planosol

Dystric Planosol

- cm	albic E horizon
- cm	argillic B horizon
-	abrupt textural change
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Beemdbrikgrond

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Aeric Umbric Albaqualf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Aeric Umbric Albaqualf aquic sandy over loamy mixed mesic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-13	2	2	4	14	38	20	78	-	-	17	6
13-35	8	3	4	14	37	20	78	-	-	19	5
35-70	2	3	4	11	26	17	61	-	-	16	25
145-170	2	2	4	11	26	22	65	-	-	18	17
70-145	2	2	4	11	29	19	65	-	-	17	18

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	-	6
13-35	1.68	-	-	-	5
35-70	1.58	-	-	-	25
145-170	1.63	-	-	-	17
70-145	1.72	-	-	-	18

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
13-35	1.68	-	-	-	10.1	-	-	-	2.5
35-70	1.58	-	-	-	23.7	-	-	-	17.7
145-170	1.63	-	-	-	20.7	-	-	-	11.2
70-145	1.72	-	-	-	18.4	-	-	-	11.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-13	3.7	3.1	-	-	3.30	-	-	5.1	3.1	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.5
13-35	4.2	3.5	-	-	0.90	-	-	3.3	2.7	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.3
35-70	4.1	3.5	-	-	0.50	-	-	12.4	10.8	2.4	0.7	0.1	0.1	3.3
145-170	7.8	7.3	-	0.4	0.20	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
70-145	7.2	6.8	-	-	0.30	-	-	0.1	0	8.2	2.2	0.1	0.4	10.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-13	9	5.5	92	11.6	-	56	-
13-35	8	3.6	72	3.2	-	75	-
35-70	21	15.7	63	1.8	-	69	-
70-145	99	11	61	1.0	-	0	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-13	50.9	19.5	5.6	0	1.7	2	0.3	1.2
13-35	53.7	19.8	8.9	0	1.7	1.9	0.3	1.2
35-70	50.3	18.3	15.1	0	2.2	2.2	0.1	0.7
145-170	53.6	19.3	10.5	-0.1	2.8	3.1	0.1	0.8
70-145	52.2	19.6	11.1	0.1	2.7	2.9	0.1	0.7

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-13	0	0.1	18.2	99.5	4.5	24.3	3.8	5.5
13-35	0.1	0.1	11.6	99.3	4.6	16.1	3.6	3.5
35-70	0.1	0.1	10	99.1	4.7	8.8	3.1	1.9
145-170	0.1	0.1	8.3	98.8	4.7	13.6	3.5	2.9
70-145	0.1	0.1	9.4	99	4.5	12.5	3.4	2.8

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-13	3.4	0.1	1	1.10	0.1	0.4	87.8	0.4
13-35	3.9	0.1	1	1.20	0.1	0.5	92.0	0.4
35-70	6.5	0.1	4.5	1.40	0.6	0.4	82.6	0.4
145-170	6.0	0.7	3.2	1.80	0.8	0.4	84.0	0.4
70-145	5.8	0.4	3.2	1.70	0.7	0.4	85.2	0.4

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-13	-	5.2	0	0.10	-	-	-
13-35	-	0.7	0	0.00	-	-	-
35-70	-	3.2	0	0.00	-	-	-
145-170	-	2.6	0	0.10	-	-	-
70-145	-	2.3	0	0.10	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-3 cm	very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2, dry)loamy sand slightly gravelly,weak coarse subangular blocky and single grain,very friable,clear wavy boundary to,
Ah2 3-16 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/2, dry)loamy sand slightly gravelly,moderate coarse and very coarse subangular blocky,friable,clear wavy boundary to,
E 16-40 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, dry)loamy sand slightly gravelly,weak coarse platy,slightly hard,abrupt irregular boundary to,
2Btg1 40-70 cm	pale olive (5Y 6/3, dry)sandy clay loam slightly gravelly,strong coarse subangular blocky,very firm,many medium prominent clear mottles (5 YR 5/8) and many medium prominent mottles (5 YR 6/8),gradual wavy boundary to,
2Btg2 70-145 cm	light olive grey (5Y 6/2, dry)sandy loam slightly gravelly,moderate prismatic parting to moderate fine and medium prismatic,common medium distinct clear mottles (5 YR 5/8) and common medium distinct mottles (7.5 YR 5/6),abrupt wavy boundary to,
2BCg 145-200 cm	- onbeschreven - (7.5Y 6/2, dry)sandy loam slightly gravelly,moderate to strong coarse prismatic,firm,many medium clear mottles (10 YR 6/6) and many medium mottles (7.5 YR 7/6),clear wavy boundary to,
2BCkg1 200-240 cm	- onbeschreven - (7.5Y 5/2, dry)sandy loam slightly gravelly,moderate coarse prismatic parting to moderate fine and medium prismatic,firm,many coarse prominent sharp mottles (2.5 YR 4/8),few calcareous nodules,gradual wavy boundary to,
2BCkg2 240-280 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, dry)sandy loam slightly gravelly,weak medium angular blocky,friable,many coarse prominent sharp mottles (7.5 Y 5/2),calcareous nodules,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2Cg1 280-325 cm	(2.5Y 4/1, dry)sandy loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium and coarse angular blocky,firm,clear wavy boundary to,
2Cg2 325- cm	dark grey (5Y 4/1, dry)sandy loam slightly gravelly,weak coarse prismatic parting to weak medium prismatic,friable,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	glacial till
Remarks on Parent Materials	cover sand on Salian glacial till
Soil Depth	200cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy
Weathering Resistance	moderate
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	slightly

Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	artificial drainage
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	forestry
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Oak-beech forest, very poor undergrowth
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	deciduous forest

Altitude	44m
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	325cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	100cm
Depth to groundwater table	100cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	perched
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	10cm
Moist From - To	0-100cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	very slow
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	35cm
Wet From To	100-170cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Netherlands 18: Planosol

Characteristics

Reference soil NL018: Planosols

Classification