Reference soil Nigeria 04: Lixisol

NG004

Lixisols occur dominantly in the drier parts of the tropics and subtropics. Their high base status is partly due to less leaching, partly to admixture from airborne dust from adjacent desert regions.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within either: 100 cm from the soil surface, or 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil NG004: Lixisols

Physiographic unit: Mid section of slope between small plateau and valley bottom in rolling country. Drainage: Well to excessively drained. Parent rock: Banded para-gneiss, multicoloured with grey, dark greenish grey, yellowish and reddish bands of a few mm, dip approximately 45% E, strongly weathered. CPCS classification: Sol ferrugineux tropical lessive General aspect: Very shallow brownish sandy soil over parent para-gneiss. Source of climate data: Agroclimatological data Africa 1, FAO. Rome 1984.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Leptic-Cutanic- Lixisol (Chromic)

Chromi-Leptic- Lixisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Lixisol rudic

Ferric Luvisol stony

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Balogun Series

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Kanhaplic Haplustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Kanhaplic Haplustalf udic fine-loamy mixed isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	3	9.5	21.6	20.0	17.4	9.6	78.1	7.4	5.1	12.5	9.4
10-28	7	10.3	23.3	20.4	14.6	8.2	76.8	6.7	5.7	12.4	9.8
28-45	32	10.8	19.9	16.3	14.8	8.7	70.5	7.9	5.6	13.5	16.0
45-60	85	12.9	22.7	13.1	11.4	7.2	67.3	6.6	4.8	11.4	21.3
60-75	85	9.0	19.6	13.5	13.0	7.5	62.6	6.3	5.0	11.3	26.1
75-95	85	6.3	17.0	15.4	21.2	11.4	71.3	6.9	5.8	12.7	16.0
95-120	85	8.2	18.3	16.0	22.1	11.9	76.5	7.1	6.0	13.1	10.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	1.25	-	-	-	9.4
10-28	1.40	-	-	-	9.8
28-45	1.60	-	-	-	16.0
45-60	-	-	-	-	21.3
60-75	-	-	-	-	26.1
75-95	-	-	-	-	16.0
95-120	-	-	-	-	10.4

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-10	1.25	37.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	7.8
10-28	1.40	42.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	4.3
28-45	1.60	51.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	5.7	4.8	-	-	0.60	-	-	2.7	-	1.6	0.3	0.1	0.0	2
10-28	5.8	4.9	-	-	0.53	-	-	2.3	-	1.6	0.4	0.1	0.0	2.1
28-45	5.9	4.7	-	-	0.41	-	-	2.8	-	1.6	0.5	0.1	0.0	2.2
45-60	5.9	4.7	-	-	0.33	-	-	3.0	-	2.0	0.4	0.1	0.0	2.5
60-75	5.8	4.7	-	-	0.29	-	-	2.9	-	2.9	0.5	0.1	0.0	3.5
75-95	6.0	4.6	-	-	0.14	-	-	2.1	-	2.0	0.4	0.1	0.0	2.5
95-120	6.1	6.0	-	-	0.13	-	-	1.3	-	1.6	0.4	0.1	0.0	2.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	63	3.2	34	2.1	4.7	-	0
10-28	66	3.2	33	1.9	4.4	-	0
28-45	67	3.3	21	1.4	5	-	0
45-60	68	3.7	17	1.2	5.5	-	0
60-75	76	4.6	18	1.0	6.4	-	0
75-95	83	3.0	19	0.5	4.6	-	0
95-120	75	2.8	27	0.5	3.4	-	0

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-10	-	7.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
10-28	-	2.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
28-45	-	1.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
45-60	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
60-75	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
75-95	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
95-120	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	42.2	30.5	11.4	0.03	0.48	1.28	-	1.45
10-28	41.4	30.2	10.9	0.03	0.46	1.22	-	1.39
28-45	41.2	30.9	10.2	0.03	0.37	1.11	-	1.29
45-60	42.1	32.8	10.5	0.02	0.51	0.88	-	1.04
60-75	41.8	33.1	9.8	0.01	0.38	0.78	-	0.93
75-95	42.8	35.0	8.5	0.01	0.24	0.57	-	0.67
95-120	40.9	33.9	8.5	0.02	0.29	0.60	-	0.66

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-10	0.11	0.27	12.4	100	2.3	9.8	1.9	4.2
10-28	0.19	0.28	12.2	98.3	2.3	10.1	1.9	4.3
28-45	0.16	0.17	12.4	99.4	2.3	10.7	1.9	4.7
45-60	0.08	0.11	12.8	100.8	2.2	10.7	1.8	4.9
60-75	0.05	0.10	13.0	99.95	2.1	11.3	1.8	5.3
75-95	0.03	0.10	13.7	101.62	2.1	13.4	1.8	6.4
95-120	0.04	0.12	13.6	98.63	2	12.8	1.8	6.2

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	7.5	0.10	2.50	2.78	0.06	-	82.0	0.39
10-28	7.6	0.10	2.80	2.55	0.04	-	83.3	0.40
28-45	9.7	0.09	3.7	2.82	0.01	-	80.3	0.47
45-60	12.6	0.09	4.80	2.79	0.08	-	75.1	0.44
60-75	13.8	0.10	4.4	3.04	0.07	-	72.2	0.40
75-95	15.1	0.07	3.2	5.28	0.03	-	70.3	0.25
95-120	14.8	0.09	3.1	5.68	0.02	-	73.4	0.20

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	4.7	2.9	0.07	0.05	18.6	87.2	15.3
10-28	4.3	2.9	0.07	0.05	18.6	79.1	15.1
28-45	4.1	3.6	0.07	0.04	14	57.8	11.3
45-60	4.1	4.5	0.06	0.03	10.1	41.6	8.1
60-75	4.9	4.8	0.04	0.03	8.9	43.6	7.4
75-95	7.4	3.9	0.01	0.02	7.9	58.5	7.0
95-120	7.5	3.3	0.01	0.01	8.4	62.9	7.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	very strong	strong	-	very weak to weak	-	-
10-28	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	very strong	strong	-	very weak to weak	-	-
28-45	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	strong	-	-	-	-
45-60	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	strong	-	-	-	-
60-75	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	strong	very weak to weak	-	-	-
75-95	-	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	strong	very weak to weak	-	-	-
95-120	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-10	0.5	12	99.5	39	5	83
28-45	1.1	13	98.9	36	6	81
60-75	1.1	13	98.9	14	5	82
95-120	1.8	16	98.2	2	7	77

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	57	7
28-45	-	-	-	-	63	7
60-75	-	-	-	-	89	2
95-120	-	-	-	-	94	1

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
0-10	3	-	-	-	1	-
28-45	2	-	-	-	1	-
95-120	1	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-12 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,moderate fine and medium crumb,very friable,many fine interstitial pores and common fine tubular pores,frequent coprogenic elements,non calcareous,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 12-25 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)slightly gravelly sandy loam,moderate fine crumb,very friable,many fine interstitial pores,medium ferruginous concretions medium manganiferous concretions,fine gravel quartz gravels and fine gravel gneiss fragments,non calcareous,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt 25-45 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)gravelly sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky,very friable,patchy thin clay cutans in root channels and pores,many fine interstitial pores and common fine inped tubular pores,medium gravel strongly weathered gneiss <3cm and fine gravel strongly weathered quartz angular fragments,non calcareous,clear broken boundary to,
2C1 45-95 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam stones,rock structure,non calcareous,gradual irregular boundary to,
2C2 95-120 cm	rock structurenon calcareous,

Depth1	45cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	gneiss
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	banded para-gneiss, dip about 45% E
Soil Depth	45cm
Texture of parent material	sandy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	stony
Weathering Resistance	moderate
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	present
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	locally unstable

Major crops	oil palm
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land clearing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Shrub growth after shifting cultivation
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	shrub

Altitude	207m
Physiographic Unit	slope
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	7%
Slope Aspect	north-east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-95cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	somewhat excessive

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	little rocky
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	fairly stony

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Reference soil Nigeria 04: Lixisol

Characteristics

Reference soil NG004: Lixisols

Classification