Reference soil Nigeria 26: Lixisol

NG026

Lixisols occur dominantly in the drier parts of the tropics and subtropics. Their high base status is partly due to less leaching, partly to admixture from airborne dust from adjacent desert regions.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within either: 100 cm from the soil surface, or 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of 50 percent or more in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Lixisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil NG026: Lixisols

BRIEF CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOIL: Moderately deep, well drained reddish sandy loam derived from residual acidic gneiss, strong mottling occurring in the subsoil, with fine feldspar fragments.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Lixisol (Manganiferric Abruptic Clayic Chromic)

Ferri-Abruptic- Lixisol (Chromic)

0-60 cm	ferric horizon
25-100 cm	argic horizon
-	abrupt textural change

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Abrupti-Haplic Lixisol

Ferric Luvisol

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
25-100 cm	argic B horizon
-	abrupt textural change

0-14 cm	ochric A horizon
25-100 cm	argillic B horizon
-	ferric

Local classification:	Fagbo Series

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Tropudalf udic sandy over clayey kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	0	10.5	8.9	11.9	16.5	7.4	55.2	4.9	13.1	18	26.9
14-25	0	14.9	12.1	10.2	12.0	6.5	55.7	6.4	11.7	18.1	26.1
25-60	0	2.2	4.1	4.1	5.7	4.6	20.7	7.3	14.1	21.4	57.9
60-100	0	0.8	1.7	2.2	3.3	3.2	11.2	12.5	17.3	29.8	58.8
100-160	0	1.0	2.3	3.2	4.3	4.6	15.4	13.8	20.8	34.6	49.9
160-226	0	1.2	2.0	5.7	9.8	8.2	26.9	8.0	27.9	35.9	37.2
226-284	0	1.1	1.5	6.6	12.8	9.6	31.6	9.1	26.3	35.4	33.1
284-336	0	1.4	3.1	11.9	16.5	9.8	42.7	7.2	19.9	27.1	30.2
336-413	0	3.3	8.2	16.6	18.2	9.0	55.3	6.1	18.2	24.3	20.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	11.0	26.9
14-25	-	-	-	16.5	26.1
25-60	-	-	-	3.2	57.9
60-100	-	-	-	1.0	58.8
100-160	-	-	-	0.5	49.9
160-226	-	-	-	0.5	37.2
226-284	-	-	-	0.5	33.1
284-336	-	-	-	1.0	30.2
336-413	-	-	-	0.5	20.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	6.6	6.0	0.22	-	3.87	0.34	11	0.0	0.0	13.6	2.5	0.8	0.1	17
14-25	6.2	5.2	0.05	-	0.68	0.06	11	0.0	0.0	2.7	0.7	0.4	0.0	3.8
25-60	5.6	4.8	0.03	-	0.47	0.05	9	0.1	0.0	2.4	1.1	0.6	0.0	4.1
60-100	5.4	4.6	0.02	-	0.29	-	-	0.2	0.0	1.9	1.1	0.6	0.1	3.7
100-160	5.0	4.1	0.02	-	0.18	-	-	1.7	1.1	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.0	1
160-226	5.2	4.1	0.02	-	0.18	-	-	1.1	0.4	0.8	0.7	0.2	0.1	1.8
226-284	5.1	4.0	0.01	-	0.09	-	-	2.3	1.3	0.0	0.3	0.1	0.0	0.4
284-336	5.3	3.9	0.01	-	0.13	-	-	2.4	1.1	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.1	0.6
336-413	5.5	3.9	0.01	-	0.08	-	-	2.0	0.7	0.2	0.3	0.0	0.1	0.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	88	19.4	72	13.5	-	0	1
14-25	64	5.9	23	2.4	-	0	0
25-60	19	21.6	37	1.6	-	0	0
60-100	73	5.1	9	1.0	-	0	2
100-160	15	6.6	13	0.6	-	52	0
160-226	32	5.6	15	0.6	-	18	2
226-284	6	6.5	20	0.3	-	76	0
284-336	8	7.6	25	0.5	-	65	1
336-413	10	6.2	31	0.3	-	54	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-14	-	-	-	0.11	0.00	3.02	0.29	-	-	-	0.16
14-25	-	-	-	0.07	0.00	5.66	0.43	-	-	-	0.12
25-60	-	-	-	0.11	0.00	4.63	0.51	-	-	-	0.13
60-100	-	-	-	0.13	0.00	5.09	0.52	-	-	-	0.13
100-160	-	-	-	0.13	0.00	3.93	0.42	-	-	-	0.10
160-226	-	-	-	0.08	0.00	3.77	0.36	-	-	-	0.08
226-284	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	2.99	0.33	-	-	-	0.08
284-336	-	-	-	0.07	0.00	2.42	0.24	-	-	-	0.05
336-413	-	-	-	0.05	0.00	1.70	0.15	-	-	-	0.03

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-14	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
14-25	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak	-	-	-	-
25-60	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak	-	-	-	-
60-100	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	-	-	-	-
100-160	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	-	-	-	-
160-226	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	-	-	-	-	-
226-284	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak	-	-	-	-
284-336	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
336-413	-	-	-	weak	-	-	very strong	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-14 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2, moist)loamy sand,moderate medium crumb,friable slightly sticky non plastic,many medium discontinuous exped interstitial random pores,many fine and medium roots,frequent small angular hard manganiferous concretions,few fine gravel strongly weathered quartz fragments,non calcareous,clear wavy boundary to,
BA 14-25 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky non plastic,many fine discontinuous inped interstitial horizontal pores,many fine and medium roots,frequent small irregular hard manganiferous concretions,few fine gravel strongly weathered quartz fragments,non calcareous,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt 25-60 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky non plastic,common (5-15%) medium distinct clear mottles 7.5R3/8 (dark red),many fine continuous inped interstitial horizontal pores,frequent small angular soft manganiferous concretions,few fine gravel weathered quartz and feldspar fragments,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
60-100 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam,strong medium subangular blocky,very firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,many (15-40%) medium prominent clear mottles 7.5R3/8 (dark red),many fine continuous inped interstitial horizontal pores,few fine gravel fresh feldspar fragments,non calcareous,gradual wavy boundary to,
C 100-160 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam,very strong medium subangular blocky,very firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,many (15-40%) medium prominent clear mottles 7.5R3/8 (dark red),few fine gravel fresh feldspar fragments,non calcareous,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	acidic gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	intermediate gneiss
Soil Depth	60cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	semi-deciduous forest

Altitude	115m
Physiographic Unit	slope
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	5%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Nigeria 26: Lixisol

Characteristics

Reference soil NG026: Lixisols

Classification