Reference soil Peru 01: Podzol

PE001

Podzols mainly occur in cool temperate and moist regions on coarse textured materials. Areas of Podzols have also been recorded from wet, tropical regions, notably the Amazon basin, southern central Africa and southeast Asia.

Characteristics

Soils having a spodic horizon (a dark coloured subsurface horizon with illuvial amorphous alumino-organic substances) within 200 cm from the soil surface, underlying an albic, histic, umbric or ochric horizon, or an anthropedogenic horizon less than 50 cm thick. Podzols are probably the most extensively researched group of soils.

Distribution of Podzols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil PE001: Podzols

Short field description Deep, excessively drained pale brown sand. At a depth of 115 cm starts a thick, mainly by organic matter, cemented hard, water stagnating layer, the Spodic horizon. Soil classification: samples of horizons 6 and 7 turn pale red upon ignition, indicating the presence of iron, and therefore excluding a Carbid Podzol classification. The site is situated in an erosion gully. 1) The soil is formed in the Iquitos formation, and consist, after the podzolisation process, of deep homogenous white quartz sands. 2) The original vegetation is a dense rain-forest, cleared for agriculture and abandonned as a forest fallow, locally known as "purma". " X " in the climate data refers to cloud cover in eights.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Albic- Podzol

Haplic- Podzol

108-167 cm	spodic horizon
27-68 cm	albic horizon

0-27 cm	ochric horizon
108-167 cm	spodic horizon
27-68 cm	albic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Podzol

Orthic Podzol

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
101-186 cm	spodic B horizon
- cm	albic E horizon

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
108-167 cm	spodic B horizon

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Entic Haplorthod
USDA-SCS (1975)	Entic Troporthod perudic sandy siliceous isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
2-15	-	0.5	7.6	56.5	22.4	4.9	91.9	3.9	4.1	8.0	0.0
15-27	-	0.6	6.8	54.1	23.1	5.6	90.2	5.4	4.1	9.5	0.4
27-68	-	0.6	7.3	58.0	21.2	4.6	91.7	5.2	3.2	8.4	0.0
68-85	-	0.9	7.2	58.7	20.0	4.7	91.5	4.6	2.6	7.2	1.3
85-108	-	1.1	7.0	58.8	20.4	4.5	91.8	4.0	3.8	7.8	0.4
108-117	-	0.8	6.0	57.0	21.0	4.2	89.0	4.5	3.7	8.2	2.7
117-167	-	0.6	6.9	59.2	18.3	4.6	89.6	4.0	3.9	7.9	2.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
2-15	-	-	-	0.0	0.0
15-27	-	-	-	0.5	0.4
27-68	-	-	-	0.0	0.0
68-85	-	-	-	1.0	1.3
85-108	-	-	-	0.5	0.4
108-117	-	-	-	1.0	2.7
117-167	-	-	-	1.0	2.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
2-15	4.5	3.8	0.03	-	0.63	0.03	21	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3
15-27	4.4	4.0	0.03	-	0.25	0.02	12	0.3	0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
27-68	4.7	4.3	0.02	-	0.12	0.01	12	0.2	0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.4
68-85	4.7	4.3	0.02	-	0.18	0.01	18	0.4	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
85-108	4.9	4.6	0.02	-	0.21	0.02	10	0.4	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
108-117	4.9	4.6	0.02	-	0.56	0.04	14	0.9	0.5	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.6
117-167	5.0	4.7	0.02	-	0.74	0.04	18	0.8	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
2-15	33	0.9	-	2.2	-	22	11
15-27	40	0.5	125	0.9	-	0	0
27-68	57	0.7	-	0.4	-	0	29
68-85	0	0.5	38	0.6	-	40	0
85-108	0	1.4	350	0.7	-	14	0
108-117	52	3.1	115	2.0	-	16	6
117-167	0	3.7	148	2.6	-	14	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
2-15	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	0.00
15-27	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	0.00
27-68	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	0.00
68-85	-	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	-	0.00	0.00	-	0.10
85-108	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	-	-	0.10	0.10	-	0.10
108-117	-	-	-	0.40	0.00	-	-	0.20	0.30	-	0.20
117-167	-	-	-	0.90	0.10	-	-	0.10	0.60	-	0.10

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
2-15	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak	-	strong	weak	-
15-27	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak	-	strong	weak	-
27-68	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak	-	strong	weak	-
68-85	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak	-	medium to strong	weak	-
85-108	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak	-	strong	weak	-
117-167	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	medium to strong	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
127-	0.1	-	99.9	55	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
127-	18	-	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	Brookite % w/w	Chloritic % w/w	Disthene % w/w	Epidote % w/w	Garnet % w/w	Glaucophane % w/w
127-	1	-	-	1	-	-

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
127-	-	-	-	7	-	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Amphibole	Augite	Calcite	Lepidococrite	Pyrophillite	Pyroxene	Weddelite
2-15	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
15-27	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
27-68	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
68-85	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-
85-108	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-

Profile description

Oi 0-2 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)leaves slightly,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah1 2-15 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)fine sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,few pedotubules,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Ah2 15-27 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)fine sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,few pedotubules,clear smooth boundary to,
E1 27-68 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, moist)fine sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,very few large angular hard ferruginous concretions,abrupt irregular boundary to,
E2 68-85 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)fine sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,clear irregular boundary to,
EB 85-108 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)fine sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,clear irregular boundary to,
Bh 108-117 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)fine sand,structureless single grain,loose non sticky non plastic,abrupt irregular boundary to,
Bhm 117-167 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)fine sand,strongly coherent massive,extremely firm,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	Tertiary Iquitos Formation, deep white sands
Soil Depth	115cm
Texture of parent material	sandy
Weathering Resistance	moderate

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: """purma"" (forest fallow)" LANDUSE:
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	150m
Physiographic Unit	dissected high terrace
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial plain
Slope	5%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	165cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	excessive
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-165cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	115cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Peru 01: Podzol

Characteristics

Reference soil PE001: Podzols

Classification