Reference soil Peru 09: Cambisol

PE009

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil PE009: Cambisols

Short field description A moderately deep, well drained, (dark) brown clay. The texture becomes more sandy in the subsoil. The soil site is located in 'Tierra firme', i.e. not flooded by rivers, on the summit of a hill along the road. The layers of parent material show an undulating arrangement. This and the irrgular texture with depth are indications that the parent material could also be an old alluvium.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Cambisol (Calcaric Ruptic Cp)

Calcaric- Cambisol

2-107 cm	cambic horizon
-	calcaric
-	lithological discontinuity
-	secondary carbonates

0-2 cm	ochric horizon
2-107 cm	cambic horizon
-	calcaric
-	secondary carbonates

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Calcaric Cambisol

Eutric Cambisol

0-2 cm	ochric A horizon
2-107 cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	calcaric
-	soft powdery lime

0-2 cm	ochric A horizon
2-107 cm	cambic B horizon
-	soft powdery lime

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Eutropept udic fine montmorillonitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-2	-	0.1	0.2	0.9	5.8	8.2	15.2	12.3	19.9	32.2	52.7
2-28	-	0.0	0.1	1.5	18.8	13.8	34.2	12.7	15.2	27.9	37.8
28-48	-	0.1	0.1	1.1	15.9	11.3	28.5	12.2	15.4	27.6	44.0
48-70	-	0.0	0.0	0.3	19.1	24.8	44.2	19.3	6.6	25.9	29.8
70-107	-	0.0	0.0	0.4	36.6	19.6	56.6	10.3	12.0	22.3	21.1
107-130	-	0.0	0.0	0.4	50.3	15.8	66.5	8.2	13.3	21.5	11.9
130-150	-	0.0	0.0	0.4	44.7	15.9	61.0	8.5	13.3	21.8	17.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-2	1.180	-	-	21.1	52.7
2-28	-	-	-	18.3	37.8
2-24	1.540	-	-	-	-
24-45	1.560	-	-	-	-
28-48	-	-	-	18.3	44.0
45-70	1.570	-	-	-	-
48-70	-	-	-	13.2	29.8
70-107	1.600	-	-	12.2	21.1
107-130	1.490	-	-	8.8	11.9
130-150	-	-	-	9.0	17.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-2	1.180	46.1	40.7	37.5	34.2	31.9	30.7	30.6	27.6
2-24	1.540	43.4	43.4	40.7	39.0	37.3	36.2	31.0	27.5
24-45	1.560	44.8	44.7	44.7	43.6	41.7	40.6	38.9	35.7
45-70	1.570	39.4	39.5	38.8	36.4	33.8	32.5	25.4	22.9
70-107	1.600	38.8	38.7	38.6	36.9	34.2	33.0	17.9	15.3
107-130	1.490	42.8	42.8	41.0	32.7	26.9	24.9	12.2	9.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-2	7.8	7.1	0.27	14.0	2.11	0.15	14	-	-	63.9	2.8	0.4	0.1	67.2
2-28	8.1	7.2	0.18	6.0	0.42	0.06	7	-	-	57.4	1.0	0.2	0.1	58.7
28-48	7.9	7.1	0.22	3.8	1.23	0.14	9	-	-	50.8	1.4	0.2	0.1	52.5
48-70	6.0	4.3	0.03	-	0.19	0.04	5	-	-	16.4	1.0	0.2	0.0	17.6
70-107	6.1	4.3	0.02	-	0.09	-	-	-	-	12.7	0.7	0.1	0.1	13.6
107-130	7.9	6.4	0.12	1.4	0.03	-	-	-	-	17.3	0.3	0.2	0.4	18.2
130-150	8.5	7.1	0.1	20.4	0.01	-	-	-	-	43.0	0.3	0.2	0.0	43.5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-2	196	34.2	65	7.4	-	-	0
2-28	-	21.2	56	1.5	-	-	0
28-48	198	26.5	60	4.3	-	-	0
48-70	112	15.7	53	0.7	-	-	0
70-107	117	11.6	55	0.3	-	-	1
107-130	178	10.2	86	0.1	-	-	4
130-150	-	9.4	54	0.0	-	-	0

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-2	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	very strong	-
2-28	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	very strong	-
28-48	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	very strong	-
48-70	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	very strong	-
70-107	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	very strong	-
107-130	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	strong	-
130-150	-	-	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak	strong	-

Profile description

Ah 0-2 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm very sticky plastic,few mounds and termite channels,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 2-28 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm very sticky plastic,very few medium irregular soft calcareous segregations,few mounds and termite channels,clear wavy boundary to,
Bw2 28-48 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm very sticky plastic,common fine distinct clear mottles (7.5YR 5/8),very few medium irregular soft calcareous segregations,few mounds and termite channels,clear wavy boundary to,
BC1 48-70 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)clay loam,moderately coherent porous massive,friable sticky plastic,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2BC2 70-107 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weakly coherent porous massive,friable slightly sticky,clear smooth boundary to,
107-130 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,moderately coherent porous massive,very friable non sticky,very few medium irregular soft calcareous segregations,clear smooth boundary to,
3C 130-150 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, moist)sandy loam,strongly coherent porous massive,friable non sticky,many fine distinct clear mottles (10YR 8/2) and common fine distinct mottles (10YR 6/8),very few medium irregular soft calcareous segregations,

Depth1	70cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	calcareous sandstone
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	calcareous sandstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	brown sands
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	partially or moderately

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	stable

Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: LANDUSE: Intensive extraction of forest products
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	cut over
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen woodland

Altitude	190m
Physiographic Unit	hills with flat top
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	35%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief Height: variation in height	30
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	ripples
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Peru 09: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil PE009: Cambisols

Classification