Reference soil Peru 12: Cambisol

PE012

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil PE012: Cambisols

A moist soil column (monolith) of 145cm shrinks after drying to a length of 138cm (5%)

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Endogleyic- Cambisol (Alumic Humic Clayic)

Chromi-Gleyic- Cambisol (Dystric)

22-66 cm	cambic horizon
-	gleyic colour pattern
-	stagnic colour pattern
-	vertic

0-22 cm	ochric horizon
22-66 cm	cambic horizon
-	gleyic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Stagni-Gleyic Alisol

Gleyic Cambisol

0-22 cm	ochric A horizon
22-66 cm	argic B horizon
-	stagnic

0-22 cm	ochric A horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Altura

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Aquic Kandiudult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Aquic Paleudult udic clayey montmorillonitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	0.2	0.5	0.9	4.8	8.3	14.7	13.2	30.0	43.2	42.0
5-22	-	0.3	0.3	0.3	3.8	5.5	10.2	16.9	25.6	42.5	47.3
22-46	-	0.4	0.6	0.7	4.2	5.9	11.8	12.0	23.0	35.0	53.3
46-66	-	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.8	1.4	3.0	13.1	25.5	38.6	58.5
66-98	-	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.7	0.6	2.0	7.1	33.4	40.5	57.6
98-125	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	3.3	3.7	9.2	24.9	34.1	62.1
125-150	-	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.1	1.3	8.6	31.1	39.7	59.0

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	-	42.0
5-22	1.100	-	-	-	47.3
22-46	1.210	-	-	-	53.3
46-66	1.260	-	-	-	58.5
66-98	1.270	-	-	-	57.6
98-125	1.410	-	-	-	62.1
125-150	1.370	-	-	-	59.0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-22	1.100	53.1	48.9	47.9	45.6	43.3	42.2	40.1	34.8
22-46	1.210	54.1	52.4	51.9	50.1	48.2	47.3	44.6	39.7
46-66	1.260	55.5	55.2	54.6	53.8	52.4	51.8	51.0	45.6
66-98	1.270	54.9	52.7	51.9	50.2	48.4	47.5	46.5	42.6
98-125	1.410	50.0	49.7	49.2	47.6	45.0	43.6	42.0	40.3
125-150	1.370	54.8	54.7	54.3	52.8	49.8	48.6	47.2	41.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	4.9	4.2	0.83	-	5.44	0.49	11	0.8	0.2	17.6	0.7	0.0	0.3	18.6
5-22	4.3	3.5	0.13	-	1.24	0.17	7	13.5	13.5	4.6	0.3	0.0	0.2	5.1
22-46	4.6	3.5	0.04	-	0.79	0.12	7	16.4	15.8	3.4	0.2	0.0	0.2	3.8
46-66	4.7	3.5	0.03	-	0.54	0.09	6	21	20.4	6.7	0.2	0.0	0.4	7.3
66-98	5.0	3.6	0.02	-	0.21	-	-	15.2	15.5	14.8	0.3	0.0	0.3	15.4
98-125	8.1	7.0	0.27	11.0	0.15	-	-	-	-	70.1	1.0	0.1	0.2	71.4
125-150	8.0	7.0	0.38	3.2	0.06	-	-	-	-	59.8	1.7	0.1	0.4	62.0

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	61	30.6	31	19.0	-	1	1
5-22	22	22.9	40	4.3	-	59	1
22-46	16	23.8	40	2.8	-	66	1
46-66	22	32.5	53	1.9	-	63	1
66-98	43	36.2	62	0.7	-	40	1
98-125	193	37.0	59	0.5	-	-	1
125-150	149	41.7	70	0.2	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	-	-	1.60	0.30	-	-	-	-
5-22	-	-	-	-	-	2.00	0.40	-	-	-	-
22-46	-	-	-	-	-	2.40	0.40	-	-	-	-
46-66	-	-	-	-	-	2.70	0.50	-	-	-	-
66-98	-	-	-	-	-	1.80	0.50	-	-	-	-
98-125	-	-	-	-	-	0.70	0.10	-	-	-	-
125-150	-	-	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-5	-	7.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
5-22	-	0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
22-46	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
46-66	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
66-98	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
98-125	-	0.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
125-150	-	0.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-5	10.6	0.48	3.9	0.62	0.53	-	65.7	0.83
5-22	14.4	0.07	5.2	0.83	0.69	-	70.2	0.97
22-46	15.8	0.03	6.0	0.91	0.74	-	67.5	1.02
46-66	18.7	0.11	7.4	1.20	0.99	-	61.5	1.04
66-98	20.7	0.36	7.8	1.27	1.24	-	58.9	1.02
98-125	17.4	6.53	4.4	1.18	1.15	-	58.2	0.89
125-150	20.5	2.34	3.9	1.26	1.09	-	60.5	1.08

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-5	4.3	15.4	0.38	0.11	10.5	44.8	8.5
5-22	4.3	7.7	0.06	0.09	8.3	35.9	6.7
22-46	4.1	7.3	0.04	0.10	7.3	30.0	5.8
46-66	4.0	7.8	0.02	0.13	5.6	22.1	4.5
66-98	4.2	8.1	0.29	0.08	4.8	20.1	3.9
98-125	6.2	10.5	0.05	0.08	5.7	35.2	4.9
125-150	8.2	7.9	0.01	0.04	5.0	41.3	4.5

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-5	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	strong	very weak	-	weak	very strong	-
5-22	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	strong	very weak	-	weak	very strong	-
22-46	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	strong	very weak	-	weak	very strong	-
46-66	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	medium to strong	very weak	-	weak	very strong	-
66-98	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	medium to strong	very weak	-	weak	very strong	-
98-125	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	very weak	-	medium to strong	very strong	-
125-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	very weak to weak	-	medium to strong	very strong	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Amphibole	Augite	Calcite	Lepidococrite	Pyrophillite	Pyroxene	Weddelite
0-5	-	-	-	weak	-	-	-
5-22	-	-	-	weak	-	-	-
22-46	-	-	-	weak	-	-	-
46-66	-	-	-	weak	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-5 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)silt,moderate medium granular,friable,common fine between peds roots,clear smooth boundary to,
5-22 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)silty clay,strong fine subangular blocky,firm,few fine and medium between peds roots,clear smooth boundary to,
B 22-46 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)clay,strong fine subangular blocky,firm,few fine and medium between peds roots,very few medium irregular hard ferruginous concretions,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bg 46-66 cm	(5YR 4/8, moist)clay,strong fine subangular blocky,firm,few fine between peds roots,gradual wavy boundary to,
Cg1 66-98 cm	(light) grey (10YR 6/1, moist)clay,strong fine subangular blocky,firm,common medium prominent sharp mottles (7.5YR 6/8),few fine between peds roots,gradual wavy boundary to,
Cg2 98-125 cm	(light) grey (10YR 6/1, moist)clay,strongly coherent massive,firm,common fine distinct clear mottles (7.5YR 6/8),no roots,very few medium irregular hard ferruginous concretions,gradual wavy boundary to,
Cr 125-150 cm	(light) grey (10YR 6/1, moist)clay,firm,no roots,few small irregular soft unspecified inclusions,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	grey clay of the "Pebus" formation
Soil Depth	80cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Weathering Resistance	moderate

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	natural forest and woodland
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: "High primary forest; vegetation species in forest: Chingonga, Copal, Canilla de vieja, Sacha-Guyana, Carahuasca negra, Machimago blanco, Carahuasca blanca, Uvus. In ""Las arbustivas"": Shapaya (palme LANDUSE:
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	primary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen forest

Altitude	130m
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	150cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Depth to groundwater table	85cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	110cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Peru 12: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil PE012: Cambisols

Classification