Reference soil Peru 16: Luvisol

PE016

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil PE016: Luvisols

Short field description A moderately deep, well drained, dark brown clay loam. The deeper subsoil has a yellowish brown colour. Soil profile located in a man-made terrace with 5 to 8 % slope which is a mountainside with 30% slope. The mountainside whithout man-made terraces show an increase in its grade of erosion and some landslide. "Others" in the climate data refers to the cloud cover in eights.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Escalic- Luvisol (Humic Hypereutric Chromic)

Chromic- Luvisol

27-59 cm	argic horizon
-	colluvic
-	calcaric

0-27 cm	ochric horizon
27-59 cm	argic horizon
-	calcaric

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Calcari-Chromic Luvisol

Eutric Cambisol

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
27-59 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	calcaric

0-27 cm	ochric A horizon
27-49 cm	cambic B horizon

Local classification:	Suelo Tarata

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Ustochrept ustic fine-loamy mixed isomesic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-27	-	4.8	13.6	12.1	16.7	7.2	54.4	9.1	12.6	21.7	23.9
27-49	-	2.6	7.4	10.2	18.0	8.1	46.3	9.1	13.0	22.1	31.6
49-59	-	1.6	4.0	6.9	14.7	7.2	34.4	17.2	14.0	31.2	34.5
59-80	-	0.7	1.9	4.3	10.1	10.6	27.6	12.1	32.4	44.5	27.8
103-140	-	3.4	8.7	11.3	16.7	11.0	51.1	9.7	14.4	24.1	24.8
80-103	-	2.2	4.8	7.1	14.4	8.7	37.2	12.7	31.3	44.0	18.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-27	1.190	-	-	10.7	23.9
27-49	1.220	-	-	17.7	31.6
49-59	1.230	-	-	19.7	34.5
59-80	1.030	-	-	10.6	27.8
103-140	-	-	-	8.8	24.8
80-103	1.060	-	-	7.7	18.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-27	1.190	48.7	45.5	38.0	30.9	27.4	26.1	20.1	20.0
27-49	1.220	50.6	50.1	40.4	37.0	35.4	34.6	27.1	26.3
49-59	1.230	50.4	50.1	43.7	41.2	38.9	37.9	33.5	28.5
59-80	1.030	54.0	52.5	47.2	41.2	37.2	34.7	27.3	23.2
80-103	1.060	52.0	51.8	46.6	40.5	36.1	33.7	22.7	15.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-27	6.7	5.6	0.15	2.0	1.85	0.20	9	-	-	26.2	6.8	0.9	0.4	34.3
27-49	6.7	5.5	0.39	2.0	0.57	0.04	14	-	-	26.4	8.4	0.5	0.8	36.1
49-59	6.7	5.5	0.64	2.6	0.25	0.04	6	-	-	34.5	12.1	0.4	1.2	48.2
59-80	6.8	5.5	0.39	3.2	0.19	0.02	10	-	-	37.0	14.6	0.2	3.3	55.1
103-140	6.7	5.2	0.26	2.0	0.17	-	-	-	-	18.4	7.0	0.6	0.5	26.5
80-103	6.7	5.2	0.42	2.0	0.17	-	-	-	-	19.4	7.4	0.2	0.5	27.5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-27	129	26.6	111	6.5	-	-	2
27-49	114	31.7	100	2.0	-	-	3
49-59	112	43.2	125	0.9	-	-	3
59-80	103	53.3	192	0.7	-	-	6
103-140	102	26.0	105	0.6	-	-	2
80-103	104	26.4	140	0.6	-	-	2

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-27	-	-	-	0.10	0.10	0.70	0.10	-	-	-	0.10
27-49	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.80	0.00	-	-	-	0.00
49-59	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.60	0.00	-	-	-	0.00
59-80	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.40	0.10	-	-	-	0.00
103-140	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.40	0.00	-	-	-	0.00
80-103	-	-	-	0.10	0.00	0.60	0.10	-	-	-	0.00

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-27	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak	very strong	-
27-49	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak	very strong	-
49-59	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very weak	very strong	-
59-80	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very weak	very strong	-
103-140	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very weak	very strong	-
80-103	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	very weak	-	-	very weak	very strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-27 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)loam slightly gravelly,weak fine granular,friable,few worm channels,clear smooth boundary to,
B 27-49 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,firm,clear smooth boundary to,
49-59 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/3, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,moderately coherent massive,firm,abrupt smooth boundary to,
C1 59-80 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)loam slightly gravelly,weakly coherent massive,friable,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2C2 80-103 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, moist)dark greyish brown (2.5Y 4/2, moist),loam slightly gravelly,sandy loam stony,weakly coherent massive,weakly coherent massive,very friable,very friable,very frequent coarse gravel weathered arenisca fragments,clear smooth boundary to,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	colluvium/alluvium
Soil Depth	140cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	moderate
Intensity of the soil erosion type (second entry)	moderate
Soil erosion type	sheet
Soil erosion type (second entry)	rill
Slope stability	locally unstable

Major crops	root crops
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	terracing
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	seasonally irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: LANDUSE: Also maize, beans and alfalfa
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop with current fallow
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	semi-evergreen dwarf shrub

Altitude	3200m
Physiographic Unit	terraced mountain footslope
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	mountain
Slope	8%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	mountainous

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-2cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	2-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Average size of stone	20
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Shape of stones (on average)	angular irregular
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	very few stones

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Reference soil Peru 16: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil PE016: Luvisols

Classification