Reference soil Peru 24: Chernozem

PE024

Chernozems are typically found in the long-grass steppe regions of the world, particularly in Eastern Europe and North America (Canada and the USA).

Characteristics

Soils having a very dark mollic horizon (thick, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation) and secondary carbonates within 50 cm of the lower limit of the Ah horizon, but within 200 cm from the soil surface. They have no petrocalcic horizon between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface, no secondary gypsum and no uncoated sand and silt grains on structural pedfaces

Distribution of Chernozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil PE024: Chernozems

Short field description Soil profile located in a lacustrine plain with meandering rivers. It is a deep, depending on a variable water table, moderate drained, very dark greyish brown to black, loam to silty clay loam. The pasture land has a dense grass cover and is used for sheep grazing.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Calcic-Endofluvic-Vermic- Chernozem (Sodic Pachic Siltic)

Silti-calcic horizon- Chernozem (Vermic)

0-123 cm	mollic horizon
28-48 cm	calcic horizon
-	calcaric
-	fluvic
-	lithological discontinuity

0-123 cm	mollic horizon
28-48 cm	calcic horizon
-	calcaric
-	fluvic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Sodi-Calcic Chernozem

Calcic Chernozem sodic

0-123 cm	mollic A horizon
28-48 cm	calcic horizon
- cm	mollic A horizon
-	fluvic
-	sodic

0-123 cm	mollic A horizon
28-48 cm	calcic horizon
-	soft powdery lime

Local classification:	Suelo Petreria

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Pachic Calciustoll
USDA-SCS (1975)	Pachic Calciustoll ustic fine-silty mixed isomesic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-14	-	0.4	1.9	6.2	14.4	16.0	38.9	27.5	8.7	36.2	24.9
14-28	-	1.7	4.4	7.5	16.4	16.5	46.5	17.6	13.5	31.1	22.5
28-48	-	1.6	11.4	10.7	6.3	10.1	40.1	21.9	20.4	42.3	17.8
48-72	-	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.6	1.8	3.2	18.9	39.0	57.9	39.0
72-108	-	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.5	1.4	15.0	50.9	65.9	32.7
108-123	-	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.9	2.4	3.6	8.4	41.1	49.5	47.0
123-145	-	0.1	0.1	0.5	2.4	4.2	7.3	16.3	39.3	55.6	37.0

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-14	0.870	-	-	9.4	24.9
14-28	1.270	-	-	7.9	22.5
28-48	1.240	-	-	12.5	17.8
48-72	1.160	-	-	20.9	39.0
72-108	1.090	-	-	18.2	32.7
108-123	0.790	-	-	32.3	47.0
123-145	0.760	-	-	27.6	37.0

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-14	0.870	66.8	61.2	52.2	48.3	45.1	42.2	20.3	19.6
14-28	1.270	53.2	52.7	49.0	45.6	43.3	41.2	21.3	19.6
28-48	1.240	46.5	44.4	36.7	31.4	28.2	24.4	19.8	17.6
48-72	1.160	55.7	55.9	51.5	49.5	48.2	46.5	37.4	35.2
72-108	1.090	58.0	57.4	55.2	52.7	51.1	49.4	36.0	32.3
108-123	0.790	66.9	65.8	64.1	62.1	60.2	58.0	33.4	31.4
123-145	0.760	63.1	58.9	55.0	51.4	47.3	43.4	25.1	24.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-14	8.1	7.8	2.8	8.4	3.95	0.05	-	-	-	41.0	21.3	0.9	6.0	69.2
14-28	8.1	7.7	2.3	8.0	1.49	0.16	9	-	-	46.1	11.3	0.6	2.8	60.8
28-48	8.6	7.7	0.42	16.2	0.74	0.08	9	-	-	36.2	8.8	0.2	1.3	46.5
48-72	8.3	7.5	0.62	15.2	2.91	0.21	14	-	-	53.0	19.4	0.4	1.5	74.3
72-108	8.3	7.4	0.61	16.0	1.12	0.11	10	-	-	45.1	18.8	0.3	1.3	65.5
108-123	8.3	7.7	0.42	52.0	2.72	0.24	11	-	-	51.6	8.7	0.2	0.6	61.1
123-145	8.5	8.0	0.22	78.0	1.35	0.11	12	-	-	51.1	3.1	0.1	0.3	54.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-14	-	24.9	100	13.8	-	-	24
14-28	-	20.6	92	5.2	-	-	14
28-48	-	17.2	97	2.6	-	-	8
48-72	193	38.5	99	10.2	-	-	4
72-108	187	35.0	107	3.9	-	-	4
108-123	251	24.3	52	9.5	-	-	2
123-145	-	9.8	26	4.7	-	-	3

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-14	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	medium to strong	-	very weak	very strong	-
14-28	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	-	very weak	very strong	-
28-48	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	-	very weak	very strong	-
48-72	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	-	very weak	very strong	-
72-108	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak to medium	-	very weak	very strong	-
108-123	-	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	-
123-145	-	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak	-

Profile description

Ap 0-14 cm	very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)loam,moderate fine granular,friable,few pedotubules,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ah 14-28 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)loam,moderate fine granular,friable,frequent worm channels,clear smooth boundary to,
Ahk 28-48 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)loam,moderate very fine granular,friable,abundant powdery irregular soft calcareous segregations,very frequent worm channels,clear smooth boundary to,
2Ab 48-72 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderate fine granular,friable,frequent worm channels,clear smooth boundary to,
72-108 cm	very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)clay loam,weak very fine subangular blocky,friable,clear smooth boundary to,
3Ab 108-123 cm	black (5Y 2.5/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderately coherent massive,sticky plastic,clear smooth boundary to,
3Cg 123-145 cm	dark grey (5Y 4/1, moist)silty clay loam,moderately coherent massive,sticky plastic,

Depth1	48cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	lacustrine sediments
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	silty
Weathering Resistance	moderate

Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	modified
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	3840m
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	lacustrine plain
Slope	1%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Depth to groundwater table	150cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-108cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	very slow
Wet From To	108-150cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Peru 24: Chernozem

Characteristics

Reference soil PE024: Chernozems

Classification