Reference soil Romania 03: Orthic Luvisol

RO003

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil RO003: Orthic Luvisols

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A1 - Composition concretions: iron-manganese. A2 - Composition concretions: iron-manganese. A3 - Composition concretions: iron-manganese. B1t - Composition concretions: iron-manganese; cutans: with iron oxides. B2t - Composition concretions: iron-manganese; cutans: with iron oxides. B3t - Cutans: with iron oxides and hydroxides.

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	0.9	2.1	2.5	4.2	6.8	16.5	31	29.8	60.8	22.8
15-25	-	0.2	0.2	0.6	2	6.8	9.8	28.9	36.1	65	25.1
25-37	-	0.1	0.1	0.3	1.6	6.2	8.3	26.5	32.7	59.2	32.4
37-50	-	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.2	4.8	6.4	19.4	27.5	46.9	46.7
50-65	-	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.2	4.1	5.7	17.3	23.4	40.7	53.7
70-85	-	0.1	0.2	0.3	1.1	3.9	5.6	19.6	22.7	42.3	52.2
75-110	-	0.1	0.2	0.3	1.2	4.2	6	19	23.8	42.8	51.3
115-130	-	0.4	0.4	0.4	1.3	3.7	6.2	16.6	24.4	41	52.8
135-150	-	0.3	0.6	0.4	1.2	4	6.5	15.9	24.8	40.7	52.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	-	22.8
15-25	-	-	-	-	25.1
25-37	-	-	-	-	32.4
37-50	-	-	-	-	46.7
50-65	-	-	-	-	53.7
70-85	-	-	-	-	52.2
75-110	-	-	-	-	51.3
115-130	-	-	-	-	52.8
135-150	-	-	-	-	52.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-15	6.1	4.7	0.12	-	1.45	0.11	13	-	-	9.7	1.7	0.1	0.1	11.6
15-25	6.1	4.6	0.1	-	0.81	0.07	12	-	-	8.3	1.7	0.1	0.2	10.3
25-37	5.4	3.7	0.09	-	0.40	-	-	1.6	0.7	6.1	2.3	0.1	0.1	8.6
37-50	5.2	3.5	0.09	-	0.33	-	-	4.5	3.7	9.9	4.3	0.4	0.1	14.7
50-65	5.2	3.5	0.1	-	0.28	-	-	5.5	4.7	13.3	5.9	0.5	0.3	20
70-85	5.3	3.5	0.1	-	0.23	-	-	4.4	3.5	14.0	6.1	0.4	0.4	20.9
75-110	5.5	3.6	0.08	-	0.20	-	-	1.9	0.9	16.3	6.2	0.4	0.6	23.5
115-130	5.7	3.9	0.1	-	0.19	-	-	0.9	0.2	19.0	6.7	0.3	0.7	26.7
135-150	6.1	4.2	0.11	-	0.15	-	-	-	-	21.2	6.4	0.3	0.7	28.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-15	78	14.9	65	5.1	-	-	1
15-25	87	11.9	47	2.8	-	-	2
25-37	61	14.1	44	1.4	-	5	1
37-50	63	23.5	50	1.2	-	16	0
50-65	68	29.2	54	1.0	-	16	1
70-85	74	28.1	54	0.8	-	12	1
75-110	85	27.7	54	0.7	-	3	2
115-130	196	13.6	26	0.7	-	1	5
135-150	101	28.4	54	0.5	-	-	2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-15	weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	weak	-
15-25	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	weak	-
25-37	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	-
37-50	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak to medium	medium to strong	-
50-65	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak to medium	medium to strong	-
70-85	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak to medium	medium to strong	-
75-110	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	weak	weak to medium	strong	-
115-130	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak	weak to medium	strong to very strong	-
135-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak	weak to medium	strong to very strong	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-15 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist)moderate fine and medium granular and moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,many fine medium interstitial pores,very few small concretions,frequent coprogenic elements,clear boundary to,
Ah2 15-25 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)moderate to strong fine and medium subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,many fine medium interstitial pores,very few small concretions,frequent coprogenic elements,clear boundary to,
Ah3 25-37 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,many fine medium interstitial pores,very few small concretions,frequent coprogenic elements,clear boundary to,
Ah4 37-50 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, dry) yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)hard friable sticky plastic,(10YR 7/4),common fine interstitial pores,very few small hard manganiferous concretions,few coprogenic elements,clear boundary to,
Bt1 50-70 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, dry) yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)strong medium prismatic,very hard very firm very sticky very plastic,(7.5YR 4/4) and (10YR 4/4),broken thin clay cutans,spherical hard concretions,clear boundary to,
Bt2 70-115 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/6, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)strong medium and coarse prismatic,very hard very firm very sticky very plastic,(5Y 5.5/1) and (10YR 6/3),broken thin clay on horizontal pedfaces cutans,few fine interstitial pores,very few small spherical hard concretions,gradual boundary to,
Bt3 115-150 cm	reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)strong medium and coarse prismatic,very hard very firm very sticky very plastic,few mottles (5Y 6/1) and (5Y 7/1),broken thin clay on horizontal pedfaces cutans,few fine interstitial pores,

Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Quercus petraea
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	deciduous forest

Altitude	300m
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Slope	18%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Moist From - To	0-130cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Romania 03: Orthic Luvisol

Reference soil RO003: Orthic Luvisols

Classification