Reference soil Romania 09: Haplic Kastanozem

RO009

Distribution of Kastanozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil RO009: Haplic Kastanozems

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: C1ca - With common medium lime spots.

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	0	0.3	8.9	14.9	7.2	31.3	32.4	20	52.4	16.2
20-32	-	0	0.3	10.6	17.4	8	36.3	27.4	18.7	46.1	17.7
32-47	-	0	0.3	10.7	18	7.7	36.7	28	18.1	46.1	17.3
50-65	-	0	0.5	10.9	19	8.2	38.6	27.3	18.1	45.4	16.1
80-95	-	0	0.4	11.4	20.1	8.4	40.3	27.8	18	45.8	13.9
135-150	-	0	0.2	11.8	23.3	9.9	45.2	25.5	14	39.5	15.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	16.2
20-32	-	-	-	-	17.7
32-47	-	-	-	-	17.3
50-65	-	-	-	-	16.1
80-95	-	-	-	-	13.9
135-150	-	-	-	-	15.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	7.8	7.3	0.24	6.3	1.10	0.11	10	-	-	42.6	2.4	0.3	0.0	45.3
20-32	7.8	7.3	0.24	9.5	0.97	0.10	10	-	-	42.2	2.2	0.2	0.0	44.6
32-47	7.9	7.5	0.24	11.5	0.76	0.08	10	-	-	38.0	2.0	0.2	0.0	40.2
50-65	8.0	7.6	0.2	16.7	0.48	-	-	-	-	40.7	2.0	0.1	0.0	42.8
80-95	8.3	7.6	0.18	19.6	0.21	-	-	-	-	40.4	3.1	0.1	0.0	43.6
135-150	8.5	7.9	0.16	20.6	0.23	-	-	-	-	38.8	4.4	0.1	0.1	43.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	273	16.6	102	3.9	-	-	-
20-32	330	13.5	76	3.4	-	-	-
32-47	353	11.4	66	2.7	-	-	-
50-65	476	9	56	1.7	-	-	-
80-95	641	6.8	49	0.7	-	-	-
135-150	804	5.4	35	0.8	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	10.0	3.72	3.6	1.74	1.9	-	70.1	0.74
10-20	10.0	3.72	3.6	1.74	1.9	-	70.1	0.74
20-32	9.8	4.49	3.5	1.67	1.87	-	70.4	0.71
32-47	9.4	6.1	3.3	1.61	1.92	-	68.3	0.67
50-65	8.7	9.1	3.1	1.48	2.14	-	64.9	0.61
65-80	8.7	9.1	3.1	1.48	2.14	-	64.9	0.61
80-95	8.4	10.9	3	1.43	2.41	-	64.0	0.58
95-110	8.4	10.9	3	1.43	2.41	-	64.0	0.58
120-135	8.4	10.9	3	1.43	2.41	-	64.0	0.58
135-150	8.2	10.49	2.8	1.35	2.52	-	62.8	0.54

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	-	6.7	0.09	0.16	-	-	-
10-20	-	6.7	0.09	0.16	-	-	-
20-32	-	6.9	0.08	0.15	-	-	-
32-47	-	7.9	0.08	0.14	-	-	-
50-65	-	9.8	0.07	0.12	-	-	-
65-80	-	9.8	0.07	0.12	-	-	-
80-95	-	10.9	0.06	0.09	-	-	-
95-110	-	10.9	0.06	0.09	-	-	-
120-135	-	10.9	0.06	0.09	-	-	-
135-150	-	10.6	0.06	0.09	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-
10-20	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-
20-32	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-
32-47	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-
50-65	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
65-80	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
80-95	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
95-110	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
120-135	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
135-150	weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak	-

Profile description

Ap 0-20 cm	(2.5Y 4.5/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (2.5Y 3/2, moist)fine sandy loam,massive and weak medium and coarse granular,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine interstitial pores and common interstitial pores,very frequent coprogenic elements,
ACk1 32-50 cm	greyish brown (2.5Y 5/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (2.5Y 3/2, moist)(2.5Y 4.5/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (2.5Y 3/2, moist),fine sandy loam,fine sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,weak fine granular to weak coarse granular,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine interstitial pores and common interstitial pores,common very fine interstitial pores and common interstitial pores,very frequent coprogenic elements,very frequent coprogenic elements,gradual boundary to,gradual boundary to,
50-80 cm	(2.5Y 5.5/2, dry) dark greyish brown (2.5Y 4/2, moist)fine sandy loam,weak medium subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine interstitial pores and common interstitial pores,very frequent coprogenic elements,gradual boundary to,
Ck 80-135 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)fine sandy loam,massive,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine interstitial pores and common interstitial pores,no inclusions,very frequent coprogenic elements,gradual boundary to,
C 135-150 cm	(10YR 6.5/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)loamy sand,massive,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	wheat
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming

Altitude	100m
Physiographic Unit	wide terr., intermediate level
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial plain
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-60cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Romania 09: Haplic Kastanozem

Reference soil RO009: Haplic Kastanozems

Classification