Reference soil Romania 11: Podzol

RO011

Podzols mainly occur in cool temperate and moist regions on coarse textured materials. Areas of Podzols have also been recorded from wet, tropical regions, notably the Amazon basin, southern central Africa and southeast Asia.

Characteristics

Soils having a spodic horizon (a dark coloured subsurface horizon with illuvial amorphous alumino-organic substances) within 200 cm from the soil surface, underlying an albic, histic, umbric or ochric horizon, or an anthropedogenic horizon less than 50 cm thick. Podzols are probably the most extensively researched group of soils.

Distribution of Podzols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil RO011: Podzol

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: O1 - mat of roots with very little mineral material.

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-3	14	1.1	5.3	25.5	24.1	8.3	64.3	8.4	18.2	26.6	9.1
3-7	-	1.2	3.6	17	18.6	7.2	47.6	7.7	28.4	36.1	16.3
7-12	-	1.7	4.5	18.8	24.7	12.6	62.3	11.2	18.7	29.9	7.8
12-27	9	2.1	5.1	26.4	34.9	11.8	80.3	8	8.5	16.5	3.2
27-42	6	2.4	4.2	25.4	37.5	13.3	82.8	6.8	7.8	14.6	2.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-3	-	-	-	-	9.1
3-7	-	-	-	-	16.3
7-12	-	-	-	-	7.8
12-27	-	-	-	-	3.2
27-42	-	-	-	-	2.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-3	4.5	3.7	0.16	-	3.08	0.28	11	5.9	4.8	1.3	0.2	0.1	0.0	1.6
3-7	4.2	3.5	0.31	-	12.5	1.20	10	8.5	4.7	6.3	1.3	0.6	0.0	8.2
7-12	5.5	4.6	0.26	-	4.38	0.30	15	0.8	0	6.8	0.6	0.8	0.0	8.2
12-27	5.0	4.3	0.04	-	0.92	0.08	12	1.8	1.1	0.4	0.1	0	0.0	0.5
27-42	4.8	4.3	0.05	-	0.62	0.05	12	1.3	0.9	0.2	0.1	0	0.0	0.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-3	9	18.5	203	10.8	-	26	-
3-7	25	32.8	201	43.8	-	14	-
7-12	53	15.6	200	15.3	-	0	-
12-27	7	7.1	222	3.2	-	15	-
27-42	6	5.3	204	2.2	-	17	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-3	weak to medium	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak	very weak to weak	weak	-
3-7	weak to medium	very weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
7-12	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	weak	-
12-27	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
27-42	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-

Profile description

O 0-3 cm	light brownish grey (10YR 6/2, dry) dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)single grain to very weak granular,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah 3-11 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, dry) very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)loamy sand,single grain,loose loose non sticky non plastic,abrupt boundary to,
Bhs 11-16 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)massive to very weak subangular blocky,slightly hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,clear boundary to,
B 16-53 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)loamy sand gravelly,single grain to very weak fine subangular blocky,loose loose non sticky non plastic,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	conglomerate

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Fest.supina,Agrotis rupestr.,Nardus str.

Altitude	2000m
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	8%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	mountainous

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Moist From - To	0-50cm

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Reference soil Romania 11: Podzol

Characteristics

Reference soil RO011: Podzol

Classification