Reference soil Slovakia 06: Luvisol

SK006

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil SK006: Luvisols

Classification

WRB 1998

Cutani-Siltic- Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Silti-Haplic Luvisol

Orthic Luvisol

Local classification:	Illimarizovaná pôda oglejená

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Hapludalf udic fine-silty mixed mesic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-35	0	1.1	2.1	1.7	2.8	6.8	14.5	32.7	35.9	68.6	16.9
35-45	0	0.8	2.1	2.1	2.7	6	13.7	32.2	34.5	66.7	19.8
80-100	0	0.6	1.1	1.2	2	5.1	10	25.6	29.7	55.3	34.7
60-80	0	0.5	0.9	0.8	1.6	8.4	12.2	24.5	28.8	53.3	34.4
45-60	0	0.5	1	1.1	2.3	4.9	9.3	28.4	31.2	59.6	30.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-35	-	-	-	-	16.9
35-45	-	-	-	-	19.8
80-100	-	-	-	-	34.7
60-80	-	-	-	-	34.4
45-60	-	-	-	-	30.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-35	5.9	4.9	0.12	-	1.06	0.10	11	-	-	5.2	1.3	0.5	0.0	7
35-45	5.5	4.5	0.16	-	0.28	-	-	-	-	4.6	1.7	0.3	0.0	6.6
80-100	5.2	4.0	0.14	-	0.14	-	-	0.7	0	9.9	5.6	0.5	0.0	16
60-80	5.0	4.0	0.15	-	0.12	-	-	0.8	0.2	8.5	5.0	0.5	0.1	14.1
45-60	4.9	3.9	0.14	-	0.07	-	-	1.2	0.5	6.2	3.3	0.4	0.0	9.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-35	80	8.7	51	3.7	-	-	0
35-45	90	7.3	37	1.0	-	-	0
80-100	92	17.3	50	0.5	-	0	0
60-80	85	16.6	48	0.4	-	1	1
45-60	79	12.6	41	0.2	-	4	0

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-35	very weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak	very weak to weak	-	weak
80-100	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	weak	very weak	weak to medium	very weak to weak
45-60	very weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak	weak	weak	very weak	weak	weak

Profile description

Ap 0-35 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)silt loam,massive,hard firm,highly porous (>60 vol%),abrupt smooth boundary to,
E 35-45 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)silt loam,few mottles (10YR 4/6),abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bt 45-95 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, moist)silty clay loam slightly gravelly,strong fine and medium angular blocky,common mottles (10YR 4/6) and common mottles (7.5YR 2/3),continuous moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,very few fine gravel granite fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	colluvium derived from granite mixed with loess
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material (second entry)	silty

Altitude	295m
Physiographic Unit	edge of plateau
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	5%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	rolling

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-20cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	20-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Slovakia 06: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil SK006: Luvisols

Classification