Reference soil South Africa 11: Solonetz

ZA011

Distribution of Solonetz (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Parent material: Derived from Table Mountain Sandstone formation.

Additional notes on profile description: Bt1 - Dark brown (7.5YR3.5/2.5) and black (10YR1.5/1) moist, dark brown (7.5YR3/2) and black (10YR1.5/1) dry. Ped faces: very dark grey (7.5YR3/1) moist, brown (7.5YR4.5/2) dry. Coatings on top of columns: brownish black (7.5YR3/1) dry

WRB 2006:

WRB 1998:

Stagnic Solonetz(Abruptic Magnesic Clayic)

Solonetz

22-75 cm	natric horizon
	abrupt textural change
	reducing conditions
	stagnic colour pattern

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Orthi-

Stagnic Solonetz

Gleyic Solonetz

0-22 cm	ochric A horizon
22-75 cm	natric B horizon
	abrupt textural change
	stagnic properties

0-22 cm	ochric A horizon
22-75 cm	natric B horizon
	abrupt textural change
	hydromorphic properties

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Albaquic

Natrustalf

USDA-SCS (1975)

Albaquic

Natrustalf

fine

mixed

thermic

Classification (other)

Estcourt Form, Nuweplaas Family

Location:

Natal, 8km SSE of New Hanover, 2km NW of Wartburg

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-15	:	-	0.5	8.6	20.8	34.5	10.6	75	10.6	5.9	16.5	7.9
15-23	:	-	0.7	8.0	20.2	25.7	10.3	64.9	10.8	6.7	17.5	8.4
23-45	:	-	0.3	5.5	15.2	22.4	6.7	50.1	9.1	10.9	20	36.4
45-60	:	-	0.5	5.1	13.5	21.0	6.8	46.9	9.7	5.2	14.9	37.6
60-70	:	-	1.4	4.9	11.7	15.9	4.8	38.7	6.7	5.6	12.3	49.5
70-100	:	-	1.1	5.2	12.1	16.6	5.0	40	6.9	5.2	12.1	48.0
100-110	:	-	0.8	5.0	12.0	17.8	4.6	40.2	5.3	4.6	9.9	48.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
0-15	:	-	-	-	-	7.9
15-23	:	-	-	-	-	8.4
23-45	:	-	-	-	-	36.4
45-60	:	-	-	-	-	37.6
60-70	:	-	-	-	-	49.5
70-100	:	-	-	-	-	48.0
100-110	:	-	-	-	-	48.9

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-15	:	5.6	4.5	0.06	0.0	1.40	0.08	18	-	-	2.7	1.3	0.2	0.1	4.3
15-23	:	5.9	4.6	0.07	0.0	1.01	0.07	14	-	-	2.5	1.3	0.1	0.3	4.2
23-45	:	7.3	5.9	0.53	0.0	0.94	0.08	12	-	-	7.1	9.8	0.2	3.7	20.8
45-60	:	8.0	6.4	0.83	0.0	0.47	0.04	12	-	-	6.9	9.8	0.1	4.4	21.2
60-70	:	8.2	6.9	1.07	0.0	0.36	0.04	9	-	-	7.1	10.7	0.2	5.1	23.1
70-100	:	8.4	7.2	1.11	0.4	0.25	0.02	13	-	-	7.3	10.7	0.3	5.1	23.4
100-110	:	8.2	6.6	0.99	0.0	0.25	0.02	13	-	-	6.7	10.7	0.2	5.2	22.8

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
0-15	:	7.0	-	4.9	-	61	-	1
15-23	:	6.1	-	3.5	-	69	-	5
23-45	:	22.2	-	3.3	-	94	-	17
45-60	:	22.2	-	1.6	-	95	-	20
60-70	:	22.0	-	1.3	-	105	-	23
70-100	:	23.0	-	0.9	-	102	-	22
100-110	:	21.2	-	0.9	-	108	-	25

Depth (cm)		pH NaF	P Retention (%)	ODOE	Melanic Index	Fe o (wt%)	Al o (wt%)	Fe d (wt%)	Al d (wt%)	Fe p (wt%)	Al p (wt%)	C p (wt%)
0-15	:	-	-	-	-	0.15	0.04	0.34	0.06	0.08	0.05	-
15-23	:	-	-	-	-	0.18	0.04	0.28	0.03	0.09	0.05	-
23-45	:	-	-	-	-	0.25	0.09	1.45	0.18	0.10	0.95	-
45-60	:	-	-	-	-	0.21	0.12	1.23	0.11	0.09	0.65	-
60-70	:	-	-	-	-	0.14	0.13	2.05	0.18	0.20	0.97	-
70-100	:	-	-	-	-	0.14	0.14	2.10	0.16	0.14	0.54	-
100-110	:	-	-	-	-	0.11	0.12	2.10	0.16	0.09	0.31	-

Elemental composition of the clay:

Depth (cm)		SiO2 (wt%)	Al2O3 (wt%)	Fe2O3 (wt%)	CaO (wt%)	MgO (wt%)	K2O (wt%)	Na2O (wt%)	TiO2 (wt%)
0-15	:	61.5	17.4	9.0	0.35	0.44	0.60	-	2.04
15-23	:	66.1	15.1	8.2	0.08	0.54	0.47	-	2.33
23-45	:	52.2	24.0	11.2	0.08	1.02	0.39	-	1.23
45-60	:	53.9	25.1	10.1	0.09	1.07	0.41	-	1.26
60-70	:	50.5	28.0	8.8	0.09	0.97	0.39	-	1.19
70-100	:	49.7	27.4	8.8	0.09	0.85	0.40	-	1.18
100-110	:	49.0	27.5	8.9	0.05	0.64	0.41	-	1.14

Elemental composition of the clay:

Depth (cm)		MnO2 (wt%)	P2O5 (wt%)	Ign.Loss clay (wt%)	Total clay (%)	SiO2 / Al2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / R (mol/mol)	Al2O3 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)
0-15	:	0.11	0.46	8.7	100.6	6	18.2	4.5	3
15-23	:	0.04	0.28	6.9	100	7.5	21.5	5.5	2.9
23-45	:	0.02	0.13	10.3	100.57	3.7	12.4	2.8	3.4
45-60	:	0.02	0.12	10.2	102.2	3.7	14.2	2.9	3.9
60-70	:	0.01	0.10	11.2	101.25	3.1	15.3	2.5	5
70-100	:	0.01	0.10	11.2	99.73	3.1	15	2.6	4.9
100-110	:	0.01	0.12	11.4	99.17	3	14.6	2.5	4.8

Elemental composition of the soil:

Depth (cm)		SiO2 (wt%)	Al2O3 (wt%)	Fe2O3 (wt%)	CaO (wt%)	MgO (wt%)	K2O (wt%)	Na2O (wt%)	TiO2 (wt%)
0-15	:	95.4	1.7	1.2	0.04	0.07	0.21	-	0.34
15-23	:	95.1	1.4	1.1	0.04	0.08	0.16	-	0.37
23-45	:	81.2	8.3	4.6	0.20	0.40	0.23	-	0.56
45-60	:	80.9	8.6	4.5	0.18	0.45	0.23	-	0.58
60-70	:	73.7	13.9	6.3	0.21	0.55	0.26	-	0.71
70-100	:	74.0	13.5	6.8	0.28	0.57	0.26	-	0.70
100-110	:	74.0	13.3	6.5	0.15	0.50	0.25	-	0.67

Depth (cm)		MnO2 (wt%)	P2O5 (wt%)	LOI (wt%)	SiO2 / Al2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / R (mol/mol)	Al2O3 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)
0-15	:	0.01	0.02	3.0	95.2	211.6	65.7	2.2
15-23	:	0.00	0.00	2.2	115.3	229.8	76.8	2
23-45	:	0.01	0.01	5.3	16.6	46.9	12.3	2.8
45-60	:	0.01	0.00	4.8	16	47.9	12.0	3.0
60-70	:	0.01	0.00	6.0	9	31.1	7.0	3.5
70-100	:	0.01	0.00	5.7	9.3	28.9	7	3.1
100-110	:	0.01	0.00	5.5	9.4	30.3	7.2	3.2

Clay mineralogy:

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
0-15	:	weak to medium	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-
15-23	:	weak to medium	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-
23-45	:	strong	-	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	-
45-60	:	strong	-	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	-
60-70	:	very strong	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	weak to medium	-
70-100	:	very strong	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	weak to medium	-
100-110	:	very strong	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	weak to medium	-

Mineral sand:

Depth (cm)		Heavy Frac. Sand (wt%)	Light Frac. Sand (wt%)	Quartz (wt%in lf)	K-Feldspar (wt%in lf)	Plagioclase (wt%in lf)	Rest (wt%in lf)	Opaque (wt%in lf)
0-15	:	0.1	99.9	98	1	1	-	25
15-23	:	0.1	99.9	100	0	0	-	27
23-45	:	0.1	99.9	100	0	0	-	16
45-60	:	0.1	99.9	100	0	0	-	21
60-70	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
70-100	:	0.2	99.8	100	-	-	-	33
100-110	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Minerals:

Depth (cm)		Anatase (wt%)	Epidote (wt%)	Rutile (wt%)	Tourmaline (wt%)	Zircone (wt%)
0-15	:	4	-	34	-	-
15-23	:	7	-	29	-	-
23-45	:	4	1	28	-	-
45-60	:	5	-	32	-	-
60-70	:	-	-	-	-	-
70-100	:	3	-	27	-	-
100-110	:	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description:

Ah 0-12 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, dry) (7.5YR 2.5/3, moist), loamy sand, single grain, soft very friable non sticky non plastic, few very fine roots, non calcareous, clear smooth boundary to,
E 12-22 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, dry) (7.5YR 1.5/2, moist), loamy sand, single grain, soft very friable non sticky non plastic, few very fine roots, non calcareous, abrupt wavy boundary to,
Btn1 22-50 cm	Invalid Code: (7.5YR 3.5/2.5 and 10YR 1.5/1, moist) and (dark) brown (7.5YR 3/2, dry) and (10YR 1.5/1, dry), sandy clay loam, strong coarse columnar, extremely hard extremely firm sticky plastic, common (5-15%) fine distinct clear 7.5YR5/8 (strong brown) and 7.5YR4/2 (dark) brown) mottles, continuous moderately thick clay and humus cutans at top of columns, non calcareous, clear wavy boundary to,
Btn2 50-75 cm	(10YR 2/1.5, moist), clay, weak coarse angular blocky, extremely hard firm sticky plastic, common (5-15%) fine distinct clear mottles 10YR6/6 (brownish yellow) and common (5-15%) medium distinct clear 2.5Y5/2 (greyish brown), continuous moderately thick clay cutans on vertical pedfaces, non calcareous, gradual smooth boundary to,
C 75-120 cm	(10YR 5/4.5, moist), clay, very weak massive, very hard very friable sticky plastic, common (5-15%) fine faint clear mottles 10YR5/2 (greyish brown), non calcareous,

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	sandstone
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	colluvial
Texture of parent material (1st entry)	clayey
Weathering status of solid rock (1st entry)	highly
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (1st entry)	moderate
Depth1 of lithological boundary	cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	cm
Remarks on Parent Materials	Table Mountain Sandsone formation

Soil erosion type (1st entry)
Occurrence of soil aggradation	not apparent
Slope Stability	stable

Current land use at the site	arable farming
Major crops	maize
Main type of irrigation
Rotation scheme
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site
Status of vegetation

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	878 m asl
Regional landform	low hill
Topography of the surrounding country	undulating
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	lower part of slope in gently undulating landscape
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	5 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	lower slope
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Slope Aspect of the site	north

Depth of groundwater table	cm
Groundwater Top	cm
Groundwater Bottom	cm
Kind of groundwater table	no groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	22 cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	50 cm
Runoff	slow
Flooding frequency	never
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Drainage Class	imperfect
To Drainage Class
Moisture conditions of the profile: dry from -to	0-75 cm
Moisture conditions of the profile: moist from -to	75-120 cm
Wet From - To	cm

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site
Microrelief Height
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	moderately alkaline

You are here

Reference soil South Africa 11: Solonetz