Reference soil Spain 01: Luvisol

ES001

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES001: Luvisols

Short field description: Very deep, well drained, brown, coarse loamy profile. Structure of the top 30 cm is massive and moderate thereunder. The profile has a well developed textural B horizon with anbundant clayskins, mainly in the pores. * erosion. At site no evidence of erosion, however close to site places totally eroded by gully erosion. Gully during periods of high water. ** depth of water table > 150 cm.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Chromic Luvisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Tierra parda illimerizada

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Fluvent
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Haploxeralf xeric loamy mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-3	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.7	8.5	23.2	4.6
3-20	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	15.5	8.8	24.3	4.3
20-30	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	11.5	6.2	17.7	3.7
30-50	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	15.9	8	23.9	5.2
50-78	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.9	12.6	30.5	9.7
78-90	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	18.4	21.1	39.5	16.3
90-105	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	18.1	21.5	39.6	16.9
105-130	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	20	19.6	39.6	16.6
130-145	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	18.4	17.5	35.9	14

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-3	-	-	-	-	4.6
3-20	-	-	-	-	4.3
20-30	-	-	-	-	3.7
30-50	-	-	-	-	5.2
50-78	-	-	-	-	9.7
78-90	-	-	-	-	16.3
90-105	-	-	-	-	16.9
105-130	-	-	-	-	16.6
130-145	-	-	-	-	14

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-3	6.9	6.3	-	-	2.47	0.25	10	-	-	5.4	0.8	0.9	0.0	7.1
3-20	6.6	5.0	-	-	0.42	0.05	8	-	-	1.4	0.3	0.4	0.1	2.2
20-30	6.2	4.0	-	-	0.20	0.03	7	-	-	0.8	0.2	0.3	0.0	1.3
30-50	5.8	4.1	-	-	0.29	0.04	7	-	-	1.2	0.3	0.2	0.0	1.7
50-78	6.1	3.9	-	-	0.31	0.04	8	-	-	3.0	0.6	0.1	0.1	3.8
78-90	6.2	4.2	-	-	0.39	0.05	8	-	-	6.2	1.3	0.1	0.1	7.7
90-105	6.2	4.3	-	-	0.44	0.06	7	-	-	6.8	1.5	0.1	0.1	8.5
105-130	6.3	4.5	-	-	0.54	0.06	9	-	-	7.4	1.6	0.1	0.1	9.2
130-145	6.3	4.6	-	-	0.41	0.05	8	-	-	6.8	1.5	0.1	0.0	8.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-3	79	9	196	8.6	-	-	-
3-20	49	4.5	105	1.5	-	-	-
20-30	35	3.7	100	0.7	-	-	-
30-50	40	4.3	83	1.0	-	-	-
50-78	61	6.2	64	1.1	-	-	-
78-90	82	9.4	58	1.4	-	-	-
90-105	85	10	59	1.5	-	-	-
105-130	88	10.4	63	1.9	-	-	-
130-145	78	10.8	77	1.4	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-3	8.8	0.8	1.8	2.10	0.4	-	78.4	0.5
3-20	9.4	0.6	1.9	2.30	0.5	-	81.2	0.5
20-30	9.3	0.6	1.8	2.50	0.5	-	82.0	0.4
30-50	9.4	0.6	2.1	2.30	0.4	-	81.2	0.5
50-78	10.5	0.6	2.6	2.40	0.8	-	77.8	0.6
78-90	12.4	0.6	3.5	2.50	0.8	-	74.1	0.7
90-105	12.6	0.6	3.6	2.05	0.9	-	74.2	0.7
105-130	12.3	0.7	3.6	2.40	0.7	-	73.7	0.7
130-145	11.1	0.6	3.3	2.30	0.9	-	77.7	0.7

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-3	7.7	5.8	0	0.10	15.1	116	13.4
3-20	7.8	1.8	0	0.10	14.7	113.8	13.0
20-30	8.1	1.5	0	0.10	15	121.3	13.3
30-50	7.0	1.9	0	0.10	14.7	102.9	12.8
50-78	6.3	2.4	0	0.10	12.6	79.7	10.9
78-90	5.6	3.3	0	0.10	10.1	56.4	8.6
90-105	5.5	3.5	0.10	0.10	10	54.9	8.5
105-130	5.4	3.7	0.10	0.10	10.2	54.5	8.6
130-145	5.3	3.2	0.10	0.10	11.9	62.7	10.0

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-3	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
3-20	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
20-30	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-
30-50	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
50-78	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
78-90	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
90-105	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
105-130	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
130-145	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-3 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)loamy sand leaves,very weak medium crumb and massive,soft very friable non sticky non plastic,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 3-20 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,porous massive,slightly hard very friable non sticky non plastic,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ah3 20-30 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)loamy sand,porous massive,slightly hard very friable non sticky non plastic,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 30-50 cm	very pale brown (10YR 8/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,very weak fine subangular blocky,very friable non sticky non plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,moderately porous (40-60 vol%),clear smooth boundary to,
Bt2 50-78 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,thin thin clay on horizontal pedfaces cutans,common very fine pores and common pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt3 78-145 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine pores and common pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	river deposits
Soil Depth	145cm
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Intensity of the soil erosion type	severe
Soil erosion type	gully

Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	cultivated pasture
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	slight human infl. due to use as pasture
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	woodland

Altitude	220m
Physiographic Unit	irregular due to fluviatile
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-70cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	70-145cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Spain 01: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES001: Luvisols

Classification