Reference soil Spain 02: Luvisol

ES002

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES002: Luvisols

Short field description: Deep imperfectly drained yellowish-brown gravelly clay. The gravelly clay of 'rana deposits' overlay, at 1 m. depth, weathered arkose. Occurance of moist mottles, and many pressure faces in the Bt-horizon and below. * arable land ( pulses ) with scattered trees ( Quercus ilex ) ** depth of observed watertable is deeper than 1.50 m.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Stagni-Chromic Luvisol inundic

Chromic Luvisol

- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Ranja

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Palexeralf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Palexeralf xeric coarse-loamy over clayey mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	17	-	-	-	-	-	-	16.5	9.6	26.1	11.1
10-30	13	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.4	10.5	24.9	16.6
30-40	11	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.5	7.3	17.8	43.5
40-60	21	-	-	-	-	-	-	8.9	6.3	15.2	48.5
60-80	31	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	4.6	13.6	54.8
80-110	62	-	-	-	-	-	-	5.8	4	9.8	67.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	11.1
10-30	-	-	-	-	16.6
30-40	-	-	-	-	43.5
40-60	-	-	-	-	48.5
60-80	-	-	-	-	54.8
80-110	-	-	-	-	67.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	5.7	4.3	-	-	0.93	0.06	16	-	-	3.3	1.1	0.2	0.0	4.6
10-30	5.6	4.0	-	-	0.37	0.04	9	-	-	3.3	2.0	0.1	0.1	5.5
30-40	6.0	4.2	-	-	0.30	0.04	8	-	-	17.4	5.5	0.3	0.0	23.2
40-60	6.4	4.6	-	-	0.22	0.04	6	-	-	21.7	7.1	0.4	0.1	29.3
60-80	6.9	5.2	-	-	0.24	0.03	8	-	-	27.2	8.8	0.4	0.1	36.5
80-110	8.0	6.5	-	-	0.20	0.03	7	-	-	31.8	9.8	0.4	0.6	42.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	41	11.1	100	3.3	-	-	-
10-30	42	13.2	80	1.3	-	-	-
30-40	84	27.6	63	1.1	-	-	-
40-60	91	32.3	67	0.8	-	-	-
60-80	97	37.7	69	0.8	-	-	-
80-110	102	41.8	62	0.7	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	5.2	0.3	2.1	0.60	0.2	-	87.4	0.6
10-30	4.1	0.2	1.8	0.60	0.3	-	89.8	0.5
30-40	11.4	0.6	4.2	0.90	0.5	-	76.1	0.6
40-60	12.9	0.7	4.8	0.90	0.7	-	73.5	0.6
60-80	14.1	0.9	5.3	0.90	1.1	-	71.5	0.6
80-110	15.1	8.9	5.9	1.10	1.6	-	56.3	0.6

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	3.9	2.9	0	0.00	28.5	110.8	22.7
10-30	3.6	2.9	0.10	0.10	37.2	132.8	29.0
30-40	4.3	5.2	0	0.00	11.3	48.2	9.2
40-60	4.2	5.8	0	0.00	9.7	40.8	7.8
60-80	4.2	6.0	0	0.10	8.6	35.9	6.9
80-110	4.0	12.2	0.10	0.10	6.3	25.4	5.1

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	strong	-
10-30	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	strong	-
30-40	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
40-60	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
60-80	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
80-110	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-20 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)sandy loam gravelly,weak medium subangular blocky to massive,hard friable slightly sticky non plastic,clear smooth boundary to,
E 20-30 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)medium sandy loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine faint sharp mottles (10YR 5/3) and (2.5YR 3/3),clear wavy boundary to,
Bt 30-40 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay slightly gravelly,weak medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine prominent clear mottles (2.5YR 3/6) and common fine prominent mottles (10YR 3/6),moderately thick pressure on pedfaces cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
Bti1 40-60 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay gravelly,moderate medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky very plastic,patchy slickensides cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
Bti2 60-70 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)clay gravelly,moderate medium angular blocky,friable slightly sticky very plastic,patchy slickensides cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
70- cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)clay very gravelly,heterogeneous mottles (10YR 3/3) and (7.5YR 5/6),thin clay around sand grains cutans,

Depth1	100cm
Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	conglomerate
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	fanglomerate deposit
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	gravelly

Major crops	oil/protein crops
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land improvements - not specified
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	top 20 cm has been ploughed
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	woodland

Altitude	300m
Physiographic Unit	almost flat footslope of
Physiographic position of the site	lower slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	inselberg
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-30cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	30cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Spain 02: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES002: Luvisols

Classification