Reference soil Spain 04: Luvisol

ES004

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES004: Luvisols

Short field description: Deep, imperfectly drained, brown, sandy loam surface horizon, overlying with an abrupt textural change at 16 cm a brown slightly mottled loam; The structure of the lower horizon is very coarse prismatic and extremely hard; Many clayskins on structural faces and many prominent slickenslides. Occurance of cracks below 118 cm, extending towards depth. Below 75 cm many whitish coloured calcerous fragments of underlying weathered arkose.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Vertic Luvisol

Vertic Luvisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	slickensides
-	vertic

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	slickensides
-	vertic

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Vertic Haploxeralf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Vertic Haploxeralf xeric fine montmorillonitic thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-12	4	3.4	8.2	9.8	20.1	19.1	60.6	19.4	10.2	29.6	9.8
12-18	3	3	7.1	7.9	15.7	16.1	49.8	20.3	12.7	33	17.1
16-18	1	2.9	6.2	6.4	11.9	11.9	39.3	17.1	10.8	27.9	32.8
24-	1	3.1	6	5.6	10.9	11.2	36.8	15.7	8.8	24.5	38.7
18-26	1	2.8	5.9	6	11.7	12	38.4	12.1	11.3	23.4	38.2
26-40	1	2.2	4.7	5.6	11.5	12.3	36.3	16.2	10.7	26.9	36.8
40-52	1	1.9	4.4	5.2	11.4	12	34.9	15.3	11.3	26.6	38.5
52-75	1	2	3.9	4.8	11.2	12.1	34	16.1	11.1	27.2	38.8
75-95	5	3.2	5.1	6.2	13.3	11	38.8	13.3	9.2	22.5	38.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	-	9.8
12-18	-	-	-	-	17.1
16-18	-	-	-	-	32.8
24-	-	-	-	-	38.7
18-26	-	-	-	-	38.2
26-40	-	-	-	-	36.8
40-52	-	-	-	-	38.5
52-75	-	-	-	-	38.8
75-95	-	-	-	-	38.8

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-12	6.4	4.9	-	1.1	0.62	0.05	12	-	-	4.6	1.3	0.4	0.0	6.3
12-18	6.4	4.6	-	5.7	0.52	0.04	13	-	-	6.6	2.6	0.3	0.0	9.5
16-18	6.3	4.4	-	4.8	0.44	0.04	11	-	-	13.5	6.5	0.4	0.1	20.5
24-	7.1	4.8	-	3.1	0.37	0.04	9	-	-	16.2	8.9	0.4	0.5	26
18-26	6.7	4.6	-	3	0.37	0.04	9	-	-	15.7	8.4	0.4	0.5	25
26-40	7.6	5.6	-	4.1	0.30	0.03	10	-	-	16.2	9.6	0.4	0.5	26.7
40-52	8.0	6.1	-	3.2	0.25	0.03	8	-	-	16.2	10.8	0.4	1.1	28.5
52-75	8.4	7.0	-	2.6	0.18	0.02	9	-	-	16.3	11.7	0.4	1.5	29.9
75-95	8.6	7.3	-	14.6	0.13	0.02	7	-	-	15.7	10.7	0.4	1.2	28

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-12	68	9.2	94	2.2	-	-	-
12-18	71	13.3	78	1.8	-	-	-
16-18	83	24.8	76	1.5	-	-	-
24-	89	29.1	75	1.3	-	-	-
18-26	86	29	76	1.3	-	-	-
26-40	92	29.1	79	1.1	-	-	-
40-52	93	30.5	79	0.9	-	-	-
52-75	98	30.6	79	0.6	-	-	-
75-95	104	26.8	69	0.5	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	-	-	0.65	-	-	-	-	-
12-18	-	-	-	-	-	0.94	-	-	-	-	-
16-18	-	-	-	-	-	1.27	-	-	-	-	-
24-	-	-	-	-	-	1.49	-	-	-	-	-
18-26	-	-	-	-	-	1.34	-	-	-	-	-
26-40	-	-	-	-	-	1.24	-	-	-	-	-
40-52	-	-	-	-	-	1.21	-	-	-	-	-
52-75	-	-	-	-	-	1.22	-	-	-	-	-
75-95	-	-	-	-	-	1.05	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-12	5.6	0.3	1.7	1.10	0.5	-	88.3	0.6
12-18	7.2	0.4	2.3	1.20	0.9	-	84.7	0.7
16-18	9.7	0.5	3.3	1.40	0.9	-	78.5	0.7
24-	11.4	0.7	4	1.50	1.2	-	77.3	0.7
18-26	11.6	0.6	4	1.60	1.1	-	76.7	0.7
26-40	10.8	0.7	3.8	1.40	1.4	-	77.1	0.7
40-52	10.9	0.7	3.9	1.40	1.4	-	76.6	0.7
52-75	10.9	0.7	2.9	2.30	1.5	-	75.8	0.3
75-95	9.8	7.7	3.7	1.30	2	-	67.6	0.6

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-12	5.2	2.2	0.10	0.10	26.8	138.3	22.4
12-18	4.9	2.9	0.10	0.00	20	98.0	16.6
16-18	4.6	3.8	0.10	0.00	13.7	63.3	11.3
24-	4.5	4.8	0	0.00	11.5	51.4	9.4
18-26	4.5	4.4	0	0.00	11.2	51.0	9.2
26-40	4.5	4.4	0.10	0.00	12.1	54.0	9.9
40-52	4.4	4.1	0.10	0.00	11.9	52.3	9.7
52-75	5.9	4.5	0.10	0.30	11.8	69.6	10.1
75-95	4.2	8.5	0	0.10	11.7	48.6	9.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-12	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	-
12-18	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
16-18	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
24-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
18-26	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
26-40	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
40-52	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
52-75	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-
75-95	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-12	-	6	-	43	2	92
40-52	-	7	-	53	5	88
75-95	-	7	-	47	3	90

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-12	8	6	-	-	-	-
40-52	6	6	-	-	-	-
75-95	5	5	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	Brookite % w/w	Chloritic % w/w	Disthene % w/w	Epidote % w/w	Garnet % w/w	Glaucophane % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	26	-	-
40-52	-	-	-	35	-	-
75-95	-	-	1	31	-	-

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
0-12	29	-	-	6	-	-
40-52	25	-	-	2	-	-
75-95	35	-	-	2	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-12 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam slightly gravelly,weak very fine platy and massive,very hard friable non sticky slightly plastic,many very fine pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ah 12-18 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,very weak subangular blocky and massive,many very fine pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bt2 26-52 cm	(7.5YR 3.5/4, moist)clay loam,strong very coarse prismatic parting to moderate coarse angular blocky,continuous clay on pedfaces cutans,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt1 18-26 cm	(7.5YR 3.5/4, moist)clay loam,strong very coarse prismatic and weak coarse single grain,extremely hard extremely firm very sticky very plastic,common fine faint mottles (10YR 3/6),clay on pedfaces cutans,clear smooth boundary to,
75-120 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)clay loam,massive,firm,moderately calcareous (2-10%),frequent weathered arkose fragm. fragments,
Bt3 52-75 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)clay loam,moderate wedge-shaped angular blocky,hard firm sticky very plastic,broken pressure cutans,gradual smooth boundary to,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Remarks on Parent Materials	calc. Miocene clay
Soil Depth	95cm

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	cultivated pasture
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	pasture with oak trees (Quercus ilex)
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	woodland

Altitude	305m
Physiographic Unit	upper part of broad valley
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	valley
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-20cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	20-120cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Spain 04: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES004: Luvisols

Classification