Reference soil Spain 05: Calcisol

ES005

Calcisols occur in regions with distinct dry seasons, as well as in dry areas where carbonate-rich groundwater comes near the surface.

Characteristics

Soils having a (petro-)calcic horizon (horizon with accumulation of secondary calcium carbonates). In addition, they have no diagnostic horizons other than an ochric or cambic horizon, a calcareous argic horizon, or a gypsic horizon beneath a petrocalcic horizon.

Distribution of Calcisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES005: Calcisols

Short field description: A shallow well drained dark reddish-brown heavy texture, underlain by a white indurated very calcareous horizon; The cementation decreases with depth. The surface horizon contains many coarse fragments of calcareous material from below. The Ap1 horizon contains besides its massive structure pockets of very fine crumb and places of weak very fine subangular blocky structures. Soil erosion: The top part of the profile is probably washed away. * human activities for many centuries, resulting in truncation of the profile. References: On Petrocalcic horizons: Swineford & Byron Lemand & Frye, 1958, 'Petrology of the Pliocene pisolithic limestone in the Great Plains', In: 'State Geol. Survey of Kansas', Bull 130, II, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Other: Nagtegaal, 1969, 'Microtextures in recent and ferric Caliche', In: 'Leidse Geol. Med.', deel 42, pp 131-143. Thompson, 1955, 'The thermodynamic basis for the mineral concept', pp 65-103. XXX The depth of the samples is not precizely known. According to no. 482 there must be a differentiation of horizons at 22-23 cm; According to no. 481 this is not correct.

Classification

WRB 2014

Calcisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

Petric Calcisol

- cm	calcic horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Xerochrept xeric clayey over fragmental montmorillonitic (calcareous) thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-12	26	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.6	11.4	26	37.1
12-25	25	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.9	10.2	24.1	37.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-12	-	-	-	-	37.1
12-25	-	-	-	-	37.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-12	8.5	7.2	-	-	0.71	0.07	10	-	-	28.1	1.8	0.7	0.0	30.6
12-25	8.4	7.1	-	-	0.82	0.08	10	-	-	31.3	1.3	0.5	0.0	33.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-12	102	29.9	81	2.5	-	-	-
12-25	106	31.3	83	2.9	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-12	9.1	10.2	3.6	1.10	0.7	-	65.0	0.6
12-25	9.7	7.5	3.8	1.0	0.9	-	69.4	0.7
40-60	1.9	46.5	0.9	0.10	-	-	10.8	-

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-12	4.0	10.6	0.10	0.10	12.1	48.1	9.7
12-25	4.0	8.7	0	0.10	12.1	48.6	9.7
40-60	3.3	38.5	-	0.30	9.6	31.9	7.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-12	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very strong	-
12-25	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very strong	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-12 cm	(10YR 2/4, dry) (10YR 3/8, moist)clay gravel,massive and very fine crumb,very hard friable very sticky very plastic,highly porous (>60 vol%),very few calcareous,many limest. fragm. fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ap2 12-25 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, dry) (10YR 3/8, moist)clay slightly gravelly,moderate fine subangular blocky and moderate very fine subangular blocky,common very fine pores and common pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Ck 25- cm	(7.5YR 7.5/3, moist)clay,platy,extremely hard,continuous platy strongly cemented plough pan pans,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Remarks on Parent Materials	calc. Miocene clay
Soil Depth	25cm
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Major crops	olive
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	mixed farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	plowlayer of 12 cm thickness *
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	woodland

Altitude	325m
Physiographic Unit	summit of low hill
Physiographic position of the site	crest
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	low hill
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-5cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	5cm

Average size of stone	10
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	stony

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Reference soil Spain 05: Calcisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES005: Calcisols

Classification