Reference soil Spain 09: Cambisol

ES009

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES009: Cambisols

Short profile descripion: A moderately deep well drained yellowish-red fine loamy profile; The structure is moderate strong, and B-horizon shows well developed clayskins. Parent material: solifluction material derived from weathered spillite.

Classification

WRB 2014

Cambisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Chromic Cambisol

Eutric Cambisol

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-8	14	-	-	-	-	-	-	25.2	17.3	42.5	15.8
8-14	13	-	-	-	-	-	-	22.4	16.9	39.3	16.9
14-26	17	-	-	-	-	-	-	23.8	18.3	42.1	17.2
26-30	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	21	18	39	28
30-45	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	21.7	18.2	39.9	22.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-8	-	-	-	-	15.8
8-14	-	-	-	-	16.9
14-26	-	-	-	-	17.2
26-30	-	-	-	-	28
30-45	-	-	-	-	22.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-8	6.5	4.5	-	-	0.54	0.06	9	-	-	12.8	4.0	0.1	0.0	16.9
8-14	6.4	4.3	-	-	0.43	0.06	7	-	-	11.8	3.4	0.1	0.0	15.3
14-26	6.4	4.3	-	-	0.44	0.05	9	-	-	11.3	3.3	0.1	0.0	14.7
26-30	6.4	4.2	-	-	0.36	0.06	6	-	-	15.6	6.5	0.1	0.1	22.3
30-45	6.4	4.3	-	-	0.27	0.04	7	-	-	17.7	6.8	0	0.0	24.5

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-8	108	15.6	99	1.9	-	-	-
8-14	93	16.5	98	1.5	-	-	-
14-26	91	16.1	94	1.5	-	-	-
26-30	99	22.6	81	1.3	-	-	-
30-45	116	21.2	94	0.9	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
30-45	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	-	0
-	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	-	0

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-8	13.0	2.9	9.6	1.90	1.5	-	63.3	1.4
8-14	13.1	3	9.6	2.0	1.9	-	62.7	1.5
14-26	12.8	2.7	9.4	1.90	1.2	-	65.2	1.5
26-30	14.3	2.8	11.5	1.90	1.8	-	60.3	1.5
30-45	14.6	4	13.4	1.50	1.8	-	57.5	1.6

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-8	2.1	4.1	0.20	0.20	8.3	17.6	5.6
8-14	2.1	4.0	0.20	0.20	8.1	17.4	5.5
14-26	2.1	3.9	0.20	0.20	8.6	18.5	5.9
26-30	2.0	4.9	0.20	0.20	7.2	14.0	4.7
30-45	1.7	4.8	0.20	0.40	6.7	11.4	4.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
8-14	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
14-26	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
26-30	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
30-45	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-8 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)sandy loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium crumb and moderate very fine subangular blocky,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine pores and few coarse pores,frequent coprogenic elements,clear smooth boundary to,
Ap2 8-14 cm	(10YR 4/8, moist)sandy loam slightly gravelly,weak fine subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few very fine pores,clear smooth boundary to,
E 14-32 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)sandy loam slightly gravelly,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy on pedfaces cutans,many very fine pores,frequent coprogenic elements,abrupt irregular boundary to,
B 32-45 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,strong fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,continuous moderately thick cutans,common very fine pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
45- cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6, moist)loam gravelly,strong fine subangular blocky,coarse gravel weathered spillite fragm. fragments,

Major crops	cereals (unspecified)
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	ploughed recently to a depth of 8 cm

Altitude	285m
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Slope	3%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Moist From - To	0-45cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Average size of stone	7
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Shape of stones (on average)	angular blocky
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	very few stones

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Reference soil Spain 09: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES009: Cambisols

Classification