Reference soil Spain 14: Luvisol

ES014

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES014: Luvisol

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
35-55	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	19	12.4	31.4	49.5
55-70	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.6	13.2	30.8	50.5
70-	17	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.8	11.3	24.1	58.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
35-55	-	-	-	-	49.5
55-70	-	-	-	-	50.5
70-	-	-	-	-	58.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
35-55	8.1	7.1	-	-	0.53	0.06	9	-	-	26.3	3.4	0.6	0.0	30.3
55-70	8.1	7.1	-	-	0.45	0.04	11	-	-	25.8	4.5	0.6	0.0	30.9
70-	7.8	7.1	-	-	0.42	0.04	11	-	-	26.9	4.9	0.6	0.0	32.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
35-55	79	38.5	78	1.9	-	-	-
55-70	80	38.4	76	1.6	-	-	-
70-	80	40.4	70	1.5	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
35-55	9.9	26.5	3.8	2.0	-	-	29.3	0.4
55-70	15.6	5.4	4.5	2.70	-	-	62.6	0.6
70-	16.2	7.4	5	2.70	-	-	57.9	0.6

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
35-55	4.1	25.6	0	0.30	5	20.5	4.0
55-70	5.4	8.5	0	0.10	6.8	37.0	5.8
70-	5.1	10.1	0	0.10	6.1	30.8	5.1

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
35-55	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	very strong	weak to medium	-	strong	-
55-70	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-
70-	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	strong	-

Altitude	750m
Slope	0%

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Reference soil Spain 14: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES014: Luvisol

Classification