Reference soil Spain 15: Luvisol

ES015

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ES015: Luvisols

Monolith was taken in a small artificial escarpement at the edge of a dug-out brick factory parcel. No subsurface layer described (soil is alfisol or inceptisol). Parent material: mudflow deposits of Holocene age (?) from Miocene material. Human influence: leveled area.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Vertic Luvisol

Chromic Luvisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	slickensides

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	slickensides

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Vertic Haploxeralf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Vertic Haploxeralf xeric loamy-skeletal over clayey mixed thermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	0.2	2	4.4	18.4	25.7	50.7	24.5	14.5	39	10.3
5-35	-	0.1	2	4.1	17.6	25.8	49.6	23.2	15.6	38.8	11.5
35-59	-	0.3	1.6	3.8	17.6	26	49.3	15.9	17.7	33.6	17
59-73	-	0.1	0.6	1.2	10.7	11.1	23.7	15.6	18	33.6	42.7
73-98	-	0	0.2	0.6	9.2	15	25	15	32.6	47.6	27.5
98-118	-	0.1	0.1	0.5	10.9	18	29.6	17.7	7.8	25.5	45

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	-	10.3
5-35	-	-	-	-	11.5
35-59	-	-	-	-	17
59-73	-	-	-	-	42.7
73-98	-	-	-	-	27.5
98-118	-	-	-	-	45

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	6.5	5.8	0.1	-	0.97	0.12	8	-	-	6.5	0.5	0.4	0.0	7.4
5-35	7.4	6.2	0.06	-	0.21	0.09	2	-	-	6.0	0.5	0.3	0.0	6.8
35-59	7.5	6.3	0.15	-	0.15	0.05	3	-	-	7.0	0.5	0.3	0.0	7.8
59-73	7.4	6.1	0.5	-	0.15	0.04	4	-	-	17.0	3.8	0.3	0.0	21.1
73-98	7.6	6.8	0.04	1.1	0.24	0.04	6	-	-	20.0	4.0	0.4	0.0	24.4
98-118	8.3	7.1	0.45	5.6	0.21	0.03	7	-	-	23.0	4.1	0.3	0.0	27.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	74	10	97	3.4	-	-	-
5-35	87	7.8	68	0.7	-	-	-
35-59	100	7.8	46	0.5	-	-	-
59-73	97	21.8	51	0.5	-	-	-
73-98	128	19.1	69	0.8	-	-	-
98-118	170	16.1	36	0.7	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	-	-	-	-	-	0.76	-	-	-	-	-
5-35	-	-	-	-	-	0.91	-	-	-	-	-
35-59	-	-	-	-	-	1.44	-	-	-	-	-
59-73	-	-	-	-	-	3.31	-	-	-	-	-
73-98	-	-	-	-	-	2.64	-	-	-	-	-
98-118	-	-	-	-	-	2.2	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-5 cm	(7.5YR 7/5, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,weak fine crumb to single grain,slightly hard very friable slightly sticky non plastic,very few medium gravel fresh rounded,various fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
E 5-35 cm	reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)sandy loam,weak very fine subangular blocky,hard very friable sticky plastic,very few medium gravel fresh rounded,various fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	slope wash
Remarks on Parent Materials	mudflow deposits
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Major crops	annual crops
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	seasonally irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Irrigated tomatoes, maize after beans
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation

Altitude	320m
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Spain 15: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil ES015: Luvisols

Classification