Reference soil Sri Lanka 01: Anthrosol

LK001

Anthrosols occur over large areas in the Far East where growing of paddy rice takes place for centuries, in the Middle East where prolonged irrigation has been practised, and over small areas in western Europe and other parts of the world where long-time fertilization and earth-manuring have profoundly modified existing soils

Characteristics

Soils having either a hortic, irragric, plaggic or terric horizon 50 cm or more thick, or an anthraquic horizon and an underlying hydragric horizon with a combined thickness of 50 cm or more.

Distribution of Anthrosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil LK001: Anthrosols

GENERAL: some charcoal throughout the profile.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Hydragric-Gleyic- Anthrosol (Eutric)

Gleyi-Hydragric- Anthrosol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Fluvi-Eutric Gleysol anthraquic

Eutric Gleysol

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Tropaquept aquic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-16	-	5.1	15.6	21.7	17.6	5.5	65.5	2.8	13.1	15.9	18.6
16-45	-	6	16.6	20.3	14.5	5.3	62.7	3.5	12.7	16.2	21.1
45-60	-	7	15.8	21.1	19.1	5.8	68.8	3.6	11.1	14.7	16.6
60-83	-	3.2	9.8	15	15	4.9	47.9	5.1	16	21.1	30.9
83-108	-	2.1	6.6	9.8	10.4	4.4	33.3	5.4	19	24.4	42.2
108-140	-	0.7	4.1	8	13.7	5.1	31.6	2.2	14.8	17	51.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-16	1.22	-	-	-	18.6
16-45	1.38	-	-	-	21.1
45-60	1.24	-	-	-	16.6
60-83	1.08	-	-	-	30.9
83-108	1.07	-	-	-	42.2
108-140	1.15	-	-	-	51.4

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-16	1.22	51.4	48.8	41.3	33.9	30.1	27.2	18.2	16.4
16-45	1.38	49	47.9	45.8	41.5	38.2	34.9	21.9	20.5
45-60	1.24	51.6	50.1	48.1	45	43.5	40.7	18.1	16.8
60-83	1.08	54	53.2	51.4	48.9	47.1	45.4	23.7	22.1
83-108	1.07	59.4	57.7	55.5	52.7	51	49.5	29.5	27.1
108-140	1.15	56.4	55.3	52.5	50.6	49.2	47.9	32.8	30.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-16	5.0	4.2	0.21	-	1.30	0.13	10	-	-	3.5	1.2	0.1	0.1	4.9
16-45	5.8	4.7	0.06	-	1.03	0.09	11	-	-	4.3	1.6	0	0.1	6
45-60	6.7	4.6	0.06	-	0.56	0.04	14	-	-	3.9	1.8	0.1	0.1	5.9
60-83	6.3	5.0	0.06	-	1.09	0.09	12	-	-	5.3	1.8	0.1	0.1	7.3
83-108	6.9	5.3	0.11	-	0.67	0.07	10	-	-	5.3	2.1	0.1	0.1	7.6
108-140	5.9	4.9	0.07	-	0.40	0.04	10	-	-	3.7	2.1	0	0.1	5.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-16	46	10.6	57	4.5	-	-	-
16-45	58	10.4	49	3.6	-	-	-
45-60	60	9.8	59	2.0	-	-	-
60-83	54	13.6	44	3.8	-	-	-
83-108	56	13.6	32	2.3	-	-	-
108-140	44	13.3	26	1.4	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-16	-	-	-	0.11	0.02	2.45	0.25	0.2	0.06	-	0.64
16-45	-	-	-	0.1	0.03	2.8	0.28	0.27	0.07	-	0.43
45-60	-	-	-	0.09	0.03	2.43	0.24	0.26	0.23	-	0.59
60-83	-	-	-	0.11	0.06	3.47	0.24	0.25	0.13	-	1.4
83-108	-	-	-	0.17	0.06	5.29	0.34	0.67	0.78	-	1.51
108-140	-	-	-	0.18	0.08	5.67	0.49	0.81	1.21	-	1.06

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-16	17.3	3.34	9.5	0.47	2.29	-	57.3	1.08
16-45	18.1	2.99	9.4	0.44	2.16	-	56.0	1.06
45-60	18.3	3.52	10.6	0.47	2.84	-	55.3	1.28
60-83	19.0	2.36	12.3	0.25	2.13	-	54.0	1.69
83-108	21.8	1.45	12.3	0.20	1.24	-	50.3	1.46
108-140	22.8	1.14	12.8	0.29	0.85	-	50.1	1.47

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-16	2.9	7.0	0.10	0.09	5.6	16.0	4.2
16-45	3.0	7.7	0.11	0.08	5.3	15.9	3.9
45-60	2.7	6.6	0.10	0.10	5.1	13.9	3.7
60-83	2.4	8.5	0.14	0.07	4.8	11.7	3.4
83-108	2.8	10.0	0.24	0.03	3.9	10.9	2.9
108-140	2.8	10.3	0.16	0.08	3.7	10.4	2.7

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-16	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	weak	-	-	weak to medium
16-45	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak
45-60	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	-	-	very weak
60-83	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	-	-	very weak
83-108	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	-	-	very weak
108-140	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	-	-	very weak

Profile description

Apg 0-16 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable NP non sticky,common fine distinct sharp mottles (7.5 YR 4/6),common very fine fine exped and inped tubular pores,very few small spherical soft ferruginous hard,frequent medium gravel fresh micas fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bg 16-46 cm	olive grey (5Y 4/2, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate coarse subangular blocky,firm slightly sticky slightly plastic,common medium distinct clear mottles (7.5 YR 4/6) and common fine distinct mottles (7.4 YR 5/8),few many fine medium continuous inped tubular pores,very few small spherical soft ferruginous hard,frequent medium gravel fresh micas fragments,abrupt wavy boundary to,
2Cg1 46-60 cm	clay loammoderately coherent porous massive,common sharp distinct sharp mottles (2.5 YR 3/6) and few coarse distinct mottles (5 YR 5/8),few fine medium continuous inped tubular pores,frequent medium gravel fresh mica/feldspar fragments,abrupt wavy boundary to,
3Cg2 60-83 cm	grey (5Y 5/1, moist)clay,slightly sticky plastic,common medium prominent sharp mottles (2.5 YR 3/6) and common coarse faint mottles (10 YR 5/6),many fine medium continuous inped tubular pores,few medium gravel fresh mica/feldspar fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
3C1 83-108 cm	(5Y 4.5/1, moist)clay,moderately coherent porous massive,sticky plastic,many medium continuous inped tubular pores,few medium gravel fresh micas fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
3C2 108-140 cm	silty claymoderate coarse subangular blocky,sticky plastic,many fine continuous inped tubular pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	gneiss
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight

Major crops	rice
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	paddy
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	high level arable farming

Altitude	431m
Physiographic Unit	colluvial footslope
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	valley
Slope	1%
Slope Aspect	west
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	yearly
Nature of flood water	fresh
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	83cm
Depth to groundwater table	60cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	0cm
Moist From - To	0-60cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	ponded
Wet From To	60-140cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	small cracks (width less than 1 cm, or depth less than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief Height: variation in height	0
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Sri Lanka 01: Anthrosol

Characteristics

Reference soil LK001: Anthrosols

Classification