Reference soil Sweden 17: Gleyic Podzol

SE017

Distribution of Podzols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Vegetation: mixed deciduous coniferous forest. Species: Pinus, Abies, Betula with ground cover of Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitus idea and mosses.

Brief characterization of the soil: A yellowish grey loamy sandy eluvial horizon overlying a very dusky red illuvial horizon with platy structure and weakly cemented. The mineral soil is overlain by a O horizon consisting of partly decayed plant remains.

Soil colours: Bhs also dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, dry) Bs: also olive grey (5Y 4/3, moist) E2: few finely divided organic matter particles Bhs: few dark coloured brittle concretions; weakly cemented Bs: mottles moist 5YR 3/3 - 3/8

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Cryaquod

sandy

Classification (other)

Iron Humus Podzol

Location:

Västerbotten, 11km W of Vindeln, 1.7km ENE of Tegslund at junction of Nyland road and Tegslund-Kulbacksliden road

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Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	13	-	-	-	-	-	-	9.8	5.5	15.3	0.8
15-20	:	16	-	-	-	-	-	-	6.8	8.3	15.1	0.8
20-35	:	18	-	-	-	-	-	-	15.3	12.7	28	0.3
35-50	:	22	-	-	-	-	-	-	15.3	13.2	28.5	0
50-65	:	24	-	-	-	-	-	-	15.1	13	28.1	2.2
65-80	:	29	-	-	-	-	-	-	18	14.6	32.6	0.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	-	-	-	-	0.8
15-20	:	-	-	-	-	0.8
20-35	:	-	-	-	-	0.3
35-50	:	-	-	-	-	0
50-65	:	-	-	-	-	2.2
65-80	:	-	-	-	-	0.9

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
-8-0	:	3.4	2.6	0.01	-	39.4	1.17	34	-	-	3.4	5.6	2.6	0.2	11.8
0-15	:	4.5	3.3	0.04	-	0.61	0.03	20	-	-	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.6
15-20	:	4.7	3.5	0.04	-	0.88	0.04	22	-	-	0.0	0.1	0	0.0	0.1
20-35	:	4.9	3.8	0.05	-	5.75	0.20	29	-	-	0.5	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.9
35-50	:	5.3	4.2	0.03	-	2.31	0.09	26	-	-	0.0	0.0	0	0.1	0.1
50-65	:	5.3	4.4	0.03	-	0.77	0.04	19	-	-	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0
65-80	:	5.3	4.4	0.03	-	0.49	0.03	16	-	-	0.0	0.0	0	0.0	0

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
-8-0	:	133	-	137.9	-	9	-	-
0-15	:	3.3	412	2.1	-	18	-	-
15-20	:	5.9	738	3.1	-	2	-	-
20-35	:	55.1	-	20.1	-	2	-	-
35-50	:	26.4	-	8.1	-	0	-	-
50-65	:	10.6	482	2.7	-	0	-	-
65-80	:	5.7	633	1.7	-	0	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil:

Depth (cm)		SiO2 (wt%)	Al2O3 (wt%)	Fe2O3 (wt%)	CaO (wt%)	MgO (wt%)	K2O (wt%)	Na2O (wt%)	TiO2 (wt%)
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	80.6	11.8	0.8	1.26	0.16	3.44	-	0.32
15-20	:	79.2	12.6	1.9	1.72	0.65	3.13	-	0.49
20-35	:	69.0	14.2	4.8	2.1	0.88	2.58	-	0.51
35-50	:	70.8	14.5	3.4	2.18	0.85	2.74	-	0.5
50-65	:	72.7	13.0	2.9	2.2	0.95	2.75	-	0.49
65-80	:	74.4	13.0	2.7	2.21	0.88	2.76	-	0.51

Depth (cm)		MnO2 (wt%)	P2O5 (wt%)	LOI (wt%)	SiO2 / Al2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)	SiO2 / R (mol/mol)	Al2O3 / Fe2O3 (mol/mol)
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	0.02	0.01	1.3	11.6	268.2	11.1	23.1
15-20	:	0.03	0.10	1.8	10.7	111	9.7	10.4
20-35	:	0.04	0.14	3.3	8.2	38.3	6.8	4.6
35-50	:	0.04	0.11	3.2	8.3	55.4	7.2	6.7
50-65	:	0.04	0.12	2.8	9.5	66.7	8.3	7.0
65-80	:	0.04	0.09	1.9	9.7	73.4	8.6	7.6

Clay mineralogy:

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-
15-20	:	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-
20-35	:	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-
35-50	:	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-
50-65	:	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-
65-80	:	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-	-

Mineral sand:

Depth (cm)		Heavy Frac. Sand (wt%)	Light Frac. Sand (wt%)	Quartz (wt%in lf)	K-Feldspar (wt%in lf)	Plagioclase (wt%in lf)	Rest (wt%in lf)	Opaque (wt%in lf)
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	2.8	97.2	68	18	14	-	8
15-20	:	3.3	96.7	62	21	17	-	5
20-35	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-50	:	5.8	94.2	66	21	13	-	2
50-65	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
65-80	:	6.1	93.9	68	20	12	-	4

Minerals:

Depth (cm)		Anatase (wt%)	Andalusite (wt%)	Hornblende basaltic (wt%)	Disthene (wt%)	Epidote (wt%)	Grenate (wt%)	Hypersthene (wt%)	Rutile (wt%)	sillimanite (f) (wt%)	Ttitanite (wt%)	Tourmaline (wt%)
-8-0	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0-15	:	-	1	63	-	15	16	-	-	3	-	-
15-20	:	1	1	66	1	16	13	-	-	-	-	-
20-35	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-50	:	-	1	70	-	17	10	-	-	2	-	-
50-65	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
65-80	:	-	-	57	-	16	23	-	1	1	-	-

Profile description:

O 0-10 cm	needles moderately, gradual smooth boundary to,
E 10-34 cm	light grey (10YR 7/1, dry) (2.5Y no/no, moist), loamy sand, moderate platy, gradual boundary to,
Bhs1 34-45 cm	light grey (10YR 7/1, dry) (2.5Y no/no, moist), loamy sand, moderate platy, gradual boundary to,
Bhs2 45-54 cm	(7.5YR 3/1, dry) (2.5YR no/no, moist), loamy sand, moderate platy, gradual boundary to,
Bgs 54-90 cm	light grey (2.5Y 7/2, dry) (5Y no/no, moist), sandy clay, weak platy and massive, gradual boundary to

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	metamorphic rock
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	fluvio-glacial sediments
Texture of parent material (1st entry)
Weathering status of solid rock (1st entry)	slightly
Depth1 of lithological boundary	cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Texture of parent material (2nd entry)	sandy
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	cm
Remarks on Parent Materials	Weichselian age

Soil erosion type (1st entry)
Occurrence of soil aggradation	absent
Slope Stability	stable

Current land use at the site	afforestation
Major crops
Main type of irrigation
Rotation scheme
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site	evergreen forest
Status of vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Northern coniferous forest (Natural Park

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	245 m asl
Regional landform	glacial plain
Topography of the surrounding country	undulating
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	spur between low hills
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	5 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	middle slope
Form of the slope surrounding the site
Slope Aspect of the site	north-west

Depth of groundwater table	75 cm
Groundwater Top	45 cm
Groundwater Bottom	75 cm
Kind of groundwater table	groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	cm
Runoff	medium
Flooding frequency	never
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high
Drainage Class	imperfect
To Drainage Class
Moisture conditions of the profile: dry from -to	cm
Moisture conditions of the profile: moist from -to	0-90 cm
Wet From - To	cm

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site
Microrelief Height
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

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Reference soil Sweden 17: Gleyic Podzol