Reference soil Thailand 01 Fluvisol

TH001

Distribution of Fluvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

MICRORELIEF: shallow furrows and low ridges occur locally, caused most probably by ploughing. CRACKING: cracks about 1 cm wide and 20 cm deep (may be as deep as 40 cm).

FLOODING: by rain and river water, for 7 to 8 months of the year.

VEGETATION AND LAND USE: Palynological data of subsoil samples from two sides in the tidal marshes, viz. east of Pathum Thani and southeast of Ayutthaya, indicate that at the time of deposition the vegetation in these marshes consisted dominantly of mangrove species (69-93%), mainly Rhizophoraceae (Pons and Van der Kevie, 1969), with a subordinate amount of various ferns and grasses. As the influence of the tides lessened, the mangrove forest gave initially way to a fresh water forest (Van der Kevie, 1971). This gradually changed to a vegetation of mainly tall grasses, rushes and sedges, which form the present day natural vegetation of the Bangkok Plain (Van Bremen, 1976). Clearing of the natural vegetation commenced about a century ago because of a growing demand for rice. At present management practices include ploughing (water buffalo or tractor), :incidental application of fertilizers, and burning of the straw. Most of the area is now under cultivation (floating rice). Average rice yield is 1000 kg/ha.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILEDESCRIPTION :

Bg1: also many coarse prominant red (10R 4/6) mottles; inclusion: black; cutans: also black along some fine pores;

Bg2: inclusions: black (10YR 2/1) probably filled-up cracks; cutans: black, along some fine pores;

Bg3: sulfuric horizon; mottles: also coarse; cutans: black, along; some fine pores;

Bg4: soap clay horizon; colour slightly darker in some spots as mentioned above.

REFERENCES: Spaargaren, O.C., Creutzberg, D., et al, 1981. ISM Soil Monolith Paper no. 1. Thionic Fluvisol (Sulfic Tropaquept), Central Plain Region, Thailand.

Classification

WRB 2014
Fluvisol
cm	sulfuric horizon
cm	umbric A horizon
-	sulfidic materials
FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974
Thionic Fluvisol
cm	sulfuric horizon
cm	umbric A horizon
--	sulfidic material

Local classification : Hydromorphic alluvial soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999) Typic Sulfaquept

USDA-SCS (1975) Typic Tropaquept aquic clayey mixed isohyperthermic

Location:

Ayutthaya Province, Wang Noi District, 5km NW of Wang Noi. 20 m E of Phaholyothin highway, 800 m N of kmp. 70, (topographical sheet nrs. 5153 I and IV of the AMS Topo Map Series L.708).

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Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	0	0	0	0	2	2	7	24	31	67
27-48	-	0	0	0	5	3	8	14	17	31	61
64-93	-	0	0	0	0	5	5	6	25	31	64
93-120	-	0	0	0	0	0	0.0	10	20	30	70

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	-	67
27-48	-	-	-	-	61
64-93	-	-	-	-	64
93-120	-	-	-	-	70

Chemical characteristics

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-15	4.1	3.5	1.17	-	1.75	0.17	10	5.1	4.2	7.8	3.7	0.2	0.2	11.9
27-48	3.6	3.1	0.82	-	0.57	0.07	8	8.3	6.9	6.8	3.4	0.1	0.0	10.3
64-93	3.6	3.1	0.68	-	0.61	0.06	10	8.6	7.3	5.7	3.8	0.1	0.0	9.6
93-120	3.8	3.2	0.63	-	1.42	0.06	24	10.2	8.7	6.3	4.3	0.3	0.0	10.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-15	34	34.6	52	6.1	-	12	-
27-48	34	30.4	50	2.0	-	23	-
64-93	32	30.3	47	2.1	-	24	-
93-120	32	34.4	49	5	-	25	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	0	0	3.49	0	0.29	0	-	0.48
27-48	-	-	-	0	0	9.58	0	0.28	0	-	0.33
64-93	-	-	-	0	0	7.18	0	0.22	0	-	0.34
93-120	-	-	-	0	0	0.3	0	0.29	0	-	0.08

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-15	20.4	0.31	5.7	1.21	0.65	-	60.1	0.94
27-48	18.5	0.22	15.5	1.57	0.75	-	52.6	0.99
64-93	18.3	0.18	11.8	2.30	0.55	-	53.4	0.94
93-120	21.9	0.18	3.1	1.77	0.86	-	62.5	1.1

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-15	5.6	11.6	0.02	0.06	5	28.1	4.2
27-48	1.9	10.3	0.01	0.04	4.8	9.0	3.1
64-93	2.4	12.4	0.01	0.02	5	12.0	3.5
93-120	11.1	9.5	0.01	0.02	4.8	53.7	4.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-15	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
27-48	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
64-93	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
93-120	very weak to weak	-	-	weak to medium	-	very weak to weak	strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-

Rare clay minerals

Depth (cm)	Boehmite	Cristobalite	Jarosite	Nordstrandite	Palygorskite	Septechlorite
64-93	-	-	strong	-	-	-
93-120	-	-	very strong	-	-	-

Profile description

Apg 0-27 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay,moderate medium angular blocky and moderate coarse angular blocky,hard firm sticky plastic,common fine prominent mottles (7.5 YR 4/8) and common fine prominent mottles (5 YR 4/8),few very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bgi 27-48 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/2, moist)clay,moderate fine angular blocky,hard firm sticky plastic,many medium prominent mottles (10 R 4/6) and common medium distinct mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),patchy thin slickensides cutans,few very fine fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,very few small gypsiferous crystals few unspecified inclusions,clear smooth boundary to,
Bg1 48-64 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/2, moist)brown (7.5YR 5/2, moist),clay,clay,weak fine angular blocky and weak medium angular blocky,weak fine angular blocky and weak medium angular blocky,firm sticky plastic,sticky plastic,many medium prominent mottles (7.5 YR 6/8) and (2.5 Y 8/6),common medium prominent mottles (10 R 4/8) and many medium prominent mottles (7.5 YR 6/8),unspecified in root channels and pores cutans,patchy unspecified in root channels and pores cutans,common very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores,few many fine very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,very few small gypsiferous crystals few large unspecified inclusions,clear smooth boundary to,clear smooth boundary to,
Bg3 93-150 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, moist)clay,very weak medium angular blocky,sticky plastic,few very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	Tidal marsh deposits
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey

Major crops	rice
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Broadcasted floating rice (rainy season)

Altitude	2m
Physiographic Unit	old tidal flat
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial plain
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	poor
Dry From - To	0-30cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	yearly
Nature of flood water	fresh
Depth to groundwater table	120cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	30-60cm
Wet From To	60-150cm

Surface cracking	small cracks (width less than 1 cm, or depth less than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	levees (artificial)
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Thailand 01 Fluvisol

Classification