Reference soil Thailand 02: Vertisol

TH002

Vertisols occur dominantly in level landscapes under climates with a pronounced dry season. Vast areas are found in Australia, India, northeastern Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia), southern Latin America and the USA.

Characteristics

Soils having a vertic horizon (a clayey subsurface horizon with polished and grooved ped surfaces ("slickensides") or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates) within 100 cm from the soil surface. They have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to a depth of 100 cm or more, or to a contrasting layer (lithic or paralithic contact, petrocalcic, petroduric or petrogypsic horizons, sedimentary discontinuity, etc.) between 50 and 100 cm, after the upper 20 cm have been mixed. In addition, Vertisols exhibit wide cracks, which open and close periodically.

Distribution of Vertisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH002: Vertisols

LOCATION: 100m E of Phaholyothin Highway near Kmp. 152; land use: abandoned ricefield, which was cultivated to transplanted rice some years ago. GROUNDWATER: May be very shallow in rainy season. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A11 - Structure strong fine and medium granular on surface. A13 - Also pressure cutans. A3 - Second matrix colour is 10 YR 3/1 very dark grey. C1 - Also common fine, medium and coarse iron-mangenese nodules. CLIMATE: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. REFERENCES: - Dent, F.J.; Cheuthongdee, Mana: No.49 Soil series survey of the MERS Lop Buri Study Area Soil Survey Division; Ministry of National Development. Bangkok June 1966. - Dudal, R.; Moormann, F.R.: Major soils of Southeast Asia, miscellaneous soil report No.8; Ministry of National Development. Bangkok 1966. - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma,K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soil temperature regimes in Thailand, report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojasoonthon, S.: Interim reports on the Great Soil Group Survey VII, Lop Buri study area; Ministry of National Development. Bangkok March 1966. - Rojasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No.48 Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966. - Scholten, J.J.; Siriphant, Chamlong: Soils and landforms of Thailand; report SSR-97, Soil Survey Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Bangkok 1973. - van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Semi-detailed surveyed of a part of the Central Plain, report SSR-87 (incl. maps) Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok 1972. - van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Detailed reconnaissance soil survey of Southern Central Plain Area; report SSR-89, Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok 1972.

Classification

WRB 2014

Vertisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Calcic Vertisol

Pellic Vertisol

- cm	calcic horizon
-	slickensides

- cm	calcic horizon
-	gilgai microrelief
-	slickensides

Local classification:	Grumusol, Lop Buri Series

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Calciustert
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Pellustert ustic fine montmorillonitic (calcareous) isohyperthermic

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	0	0	0	4	9.9	13.9	11.7	25.5	37.2	48.9
15-30	19	0	0	0	4.7	9.9	14.6	11	20.5	31.5	53.9
150-170	38	10	8.9	5.5	5.9	3.7	34	9.3	27.4	36.7	29.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	48.9
15-30	-	-	-	-	53.9
150-170	-	-	-	-	29.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	8.0	6.7	0.48	5.6	1.94	0.11	18	-	-	47.6	3.0	0	0.0	50.6
15-30	8.6	6.9	0.43	24.3	0.43	0.02	22	-	-	43.0	2.4	0	0.2	45.6
150-170	8.5	7.1	0.33	48.8	0.19	0.03	6	-	-	27.0	0.0	0	0.0	27

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	91	55.4	113	6.8	-	-	-
15-30	111	41.1	76	1.5	-	-	-
150-170	98	27.6	94	0.7	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	0	0	0.71	0.1	0	0	-	0
15-30	-	-	-	0	0	0.83	0.1	0	0	-	0
150-170	-	-	-	0	0	0.57	0.05	0	0	-	0

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-10	12.4	3.76	5.0	0.07	0.59	-	66.8	1.19
15-30	11.9	12.83	5.0	0.06	0.6	-	57.2	0.67
150-170	6.9	34.93	2.4	0.04	0.65	-	32.0	0.26

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-10	3.9	11.5	0.18	0.06	9.1	35.6	7.3
15-30	3.7	13.6	0.38	0.09	8.2	30.5	6.4
150-170	4.5	22.2	0.27	0.22	7.9	35.5	6.4

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	very strong	-
15-30	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	very strong	-
150-170	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	very strong	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-10	4.6	-	95.4	3	-	100
15-30	5.2	-	94.8	9	-	100
150-170	10	-	90	41	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	3	-	2

Depth (cm)	Brookite % w/w	Chloritic % w/w	Disthene % w/w	Epidote % w/w	Garnet % w/w	Glaucophane % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	28	-	-
15-30	-	-	-	27	-	-
150-170	-	-	-	33	-	-

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
0-10	52	14	-	-	-	-
15-30	54	19	-	-	-	-
150-170	46	29	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-10 cm	black (10YR 2/1, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay,strong fine subangular blocky,very hard very sticky very plastic,no cutans,few very fine interstitial pores and few tubular pores,no inclusions,few fine gravel sand grain fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
Ah2 10-32 cm	black (10YR 2/1, dry) black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay,strong fine subangular blocky,very hard very sticky very plastic,patchy pressure cutans,few very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,frequent small calcareous nodules few medium calcareous nodules,few fine gravel sand grain fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bi 32-120 cm	black (10YR 2/1, moist)clay,moderate fine angular blocky,very friable very sticky very plastic,patchy slickensides cutans,few very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,very frequent small calcareous nodules few medium calcareous nodules,few fine gravel sand grain fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
120-145 cm	dark grey (10YR 4/1, moist)clay,moderate very fine angular blocky,very friable very sticky very plastic,no cutans,few very fine tubular pores and very fine interstitial pores,very frequent small calcareous nodules few medium calcareous nodules,few fine gravel sand grain fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
C 145-150 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, moist)clay,moderate very fine angular blocky,firm sticky plastic,no cutans,few pores,very frequent medium calcareous nodules few large calcareous nodules,few fine gravel sand grain fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	marl
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	calcareous
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	See general remarks
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	24m
Physiographic Unit	low terrace
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-30cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	30-150cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	large cracks (width more than 1 cm, or depth more than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Microrelief pattern	isolated
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

You are here

Reference soil Thailand 02: Vertisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH002: Vertisols

Classification