Reference soil Thailand 03: Gleysol

TH003

Gleysols occur throughout the world where groundwater comes near to the surface, causing soils to become wet for a prolonged part of the year. They are particularly abundant in the low-lying river basins.

Characteristics

Soils having gleyic properties (properties associated with prolonged wetness) within 50 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than an anthraquic, histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, or umbric horizon at the surface, or an andic, calcic, cambic, gypsic, plinthic, salic, sulfuric, or vitric horizon within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Gleysols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH003: Gleysols

LOCATION: Along road to Khao Sapphaya, 300 m W of irrigation canal. GROUNDWATER TABLE: Varying very much with the seasons. MICRORELIEF: Slightly undulating, some termite hills and buns between the rice fields. LAND USE: rice yield is approximately 1500 kg/ha; furthermore many sugarpalms and some bamboo. CLIMATE: Tropical savanna; the total annual rainfall in Chainat is 1226 of which about 85% falls in the period May-October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ap2 - Slightly indurated plough sole. REFERENCES: - Dent, F.J.; Cheuthongdee, Mana: No.49 Soil series survey of the MERS Lop Buri Study Area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok June 1966. - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soil temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Dudal, R.; Moormann, F.R.: Major soils of Southeast Asia; miscellaneous report No. 8, Ministry of National development . Bangkok 1966. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No.48 Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966. - van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Detailed reconnaissance soil survey of Southern Central Plain area; report SSR-89, Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok 1972.

Classification

WRB 2014

Gleysol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Eutric Gleysol

Gleyic Cambisol

- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Alluvial soil, Sapphaya series

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Ustropept ustic loamy mixed isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	0	0	0	0.4	28.1	28.5	32	20.4	52.4	19.1
40-50	-	0	0	0	0.1	45.4	45.5	23.2	13.9	37.1	17.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	19.1
40-50	-	-	-	-	17.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	5.8	5.3	-	-	0.84	0.08	11	-	-	7.1	1.3	0	0.0	8.4
40-50	6.3	5.1	-	-	0.31	0.04	8	-	-	6.1	1.5	0	0.0	7.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	73	11.5	60	2.9	-	-	-
40-50	78	9.7	56	1.1	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-10	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	weak to medium	-	weak	weak to medium	-
40-50	-	very weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	medium to strong	weak to medium	-	weak	weak to medium	-

Profile description

Ap1 0-10 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, moist)silt loam,very weak coarse crumb,friable,many fine distinct mottles (7.5 YR 5/6),no cutans,few fine interstitial pores and few tubular pores,no inclusions,mica fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Ap2 10-17 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)clay loam,very weak coarse subangular blocky,firm,many fine distinct mottles (5 YR 4/8),common very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores,no inclusions,frequent mica fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
17-35 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, moist)silty clay loam,weak to moderate medium subangular blocky,friable,many medium faint mottles (7.5 YR 4/4),few very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores,very few small soft ferruginous nodules,frequent mica fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
B 35-95 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)sandy clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky,many coarse faint mottles (8.5 YR 4/3),no cutans,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,few small soft ferruginous nodules,very frequent mica fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
95-115 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,sticky,many coarse faint mottles (10 YR 4/4),no cutans,few very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,cylindrical small soft ferruginous nodules,few mica fragments,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	river levee alluvium
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Major crops	rice
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	wet season:rice transpl.; dry ssn:fallow

Altitude	17m
Physiographic Unit	see remarks
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	stagnant alluvial plain
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	30-60cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-30cm
Wet From To	60-115cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Thailand 03: Gleysol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH003: Gleysols

Classification