Reference soil Thailand 05: Luvisol

TH005

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH005: Luvisols

LOCATION: 2 km W of irrigation canal, near village Ban Nong Bua. DEPTH WATER TABLE: > 2 m, varying with seasons. CLIMATE: Tropical savanna; the total amount of rainfall is 1277 mm of which 85% falls in the period May - October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: B21t: Some big animal holes (probably caused by termites). REFERENCES: - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojanasoonthon, S.: Moormann, F.R.: No.48 Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966. - Van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Detailed reconnaissance soil survey of Southern Central Plain Area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development, report SSR-89. Bangkok 1972.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Haplic Luvisol

Orthic Luvisol

- cm	argic B horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Don Chedi series grey podsolic

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Haplustalf

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-35	-	0	0	0	27.9	34.7	62.6	19.7	8.8	28.5	8.9
35-48	1	0	0	0	27	28.2	55.2	16.5	11.2	27.7	17.1
70-80	1	0	0	0	27.9	27.9	55.8	16.4	11.2	27.6	16.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-35	-	-	-	-	8.9
35-48	-	-	-	-	17.1
70-80	-	-	-	-	16.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-35	4.8	4.3	0.12	-	0.52	0.04	13	0.3	0.2	1.5	0.2	0	0.0	1.7
35-48	5.1	4.2	0.02	-	0.40	0.04	10	0.6	0.4	2.5	0.5	0	0.0	3
70-80	5.1	4.1	0.06	-	-	-	-	0.4	0.2	2.5	0.4	0	0.0	2.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-35	35	4.8	54	1.8	-	4	-
35-48	43	7	41	1.4	-	6	-
70-80	47	6.2	37	-	-	3	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-35	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-	-
35-48	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-	-
70-80	-	very weak	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-35 cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)sandy loam,moderate fine crumb,very friable,no cutans,common very fine interstitial pores,no inclusions,no fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
35-48 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)sandy loam,moderate coarse subangular blocky,slightly hard,no cutans,few fine interstitial pores and many interstitial pores,no inclusions,few fine gravel brick fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 48-60 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,weak coarse subangular blocky,very hard,no cutans,few fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,no inclusions,no fragments,few termite channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 60- cm	reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)sandy loam,weak coarse subangular blocky,very hard,no cutans,few fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,no inclusions,no fragments,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	old levee deposits
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	semi-natural grassland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Pig meadow, surrounded by trees & bamboo
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	short grassland

Altitude	12m
Physiographic Unit	creek levee
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial fan
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	30-100cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
Moist From - To	0-30cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Thailand 05: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH005: Luvisols

Classification