Reference soil Thailand 06: Luvisol

TH006

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH006: Luvisols

LOCATION: 500 m W of highway U Thong - Kampaeng Saen, near Ban Sa Yai Som. MICRO RELIEF: Slightly undulating. CRACKING: not observed. CLIMATE: Tropical savanna, 85% of the total annual rainfall of 1275 mm falls in the period May - October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A3 - Some inclusions of Ap. The neutral soil reaction in the A horizons is probably due to the burning of the crop remnants. REFERENCES: - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; report on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No. 48 final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966. - Van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Detailed reconnaissance soil survey of Southern Central Plain Area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development, report SSR-89. Bangkok 1972.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Haplic Luvisol

Orthic Luvisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	see classification remarks

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Haplustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Haplustalf ustic medial over clayey mixed isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-8	-	0	0	0	1.7	27	28.7	26	27.1	53.1	18.2
8-13	1	0	0	0	1.1	24	25.1	25.7	29.5	55.2	19.7
60-70	-	0	0	0	0.5	11.8	12.3	15.5	33	48.5	39.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-8	-	-	-	-	18.2
8-13	-	-	-	-	19.7
60-70	-	-	-	-	39.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-8	7.1	6.8	0.44	0.8	1.29	0.13	10	-	-	8.1	1.6	1.2	0.0	10.9
8-13	6.8	6.2	0.2	0.6	1.22	0.12	10	-	-	7.1	1.7	0.7	0.0	9.5
60-70	6.2	5.1	0.19	-	0.32	0.05	6	-	-	7.2	2.8	0.3	0.0	10.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-8	95	11.5	63	4.5	-	-	-
8-13	80	11.9	60	4.3	-	-	-
60-70	73	14.2	36	1.1	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-8	10.0	0.57	3.1	3.51	0.6	-	78.4	0.62
8-13	10.0	0.46	2.9	3.50	0.69	-	77.3	0.65
60-70	15.9	0.33	5.4	4.10	0.99	-	68.7	0.84

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-8	5.1	5.2	0.06	0.22	13.3	67.3	11.1
8-13	5.4	4.9	0.06	0.20	13.1	71.0	11.1
60-70	4.6	5.5	0.09	0.17	7.3	33.9	6.0

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	-	weak to medium	-	-
8-13	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	-	weak to medium	-	-
60-70	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	strong	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-8 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)loam,moderate coarse crumb,very friable,many very fine interstitial pores,frequent mica fragments,clear wavy boundary to,
8-15 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,very friable,many very fine interstitial pores,frequent mica fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 15-50 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,slightly hard,patchy thin clay cutans,few very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,few mica fragments,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 50- cm	dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)silty clay,moderate medium subangular blocky,hard,broken thin clay cutans,few very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,

Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	river levee alluvium
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	cotton
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	no irrigation
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Fallow after cotton, burned crop remains
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant

Altitude	9m
Physiographic Unit	river levee, semi-recent terr.
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	20-100cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	apparent
Moist From - To	0-20cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	termite/ant mounds
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Thailand 06: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH006: Luvisols

Classification