Reference soil Thailand 07: Luvisol

TH007

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH007: Luvisols

LOCATION: Along road Lam Narai - Chayaphum, 1 km E of railway crossing, 20 m N of road. Current coordinates are estimates. Topographic sheet: AMS, series L708 sheet nr 5256 I. CLIMATE: Tropical savanna climate. 85% of the total annual amount of rainfall falls in the period of May-October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. REFERENCES: - Dent, F.J.; Cheuthongdee, Mana: No. 49 soil series survey of the MERS Lop Buri study area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok June 1966. - Kawaguchi,K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojanasoonthon, S.: Interim reports on the Great Soil Group Survey VII, Lop Buri study area; Ministry of National Development. Bangkok March 1966. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No. 48 final report on the Great Soil Group survey of seven selected areas in Thailand. Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966. - Van der Kevie, W.; Yenmanas, Banchong: Detailed reconnaissance soil survey of Southern Central Plain Area; Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development, report SSR-89. Bangkok 1972.

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Chromic Luvisol

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Pak Chong ser. Red Brown Earth

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Haplustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Haplustalf ustic clayey mixed isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-9	-	0	0	0	6.3	12	18.3	8.3	16.6	24.9	56.8
9-27	2	0	0	0	5.2	7.9	13.1	5.7	12.9	18.6	68.3
27-75	1	0	0	0	6.7	7.3	14	5	13.1	18.1	67.9
75-85	54	0	0	0	36.7	6.7	43.4	5.1	7.9	13	43.6

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-9	-	-	-	-	56.8
9-27	-	-	-	-	68.3
27-75	-	-	-	-	67.9
75-85	-	-	-	-	43.6

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-9	7.0	6.2	0.65	2.1	2.65	0.22	12	-	-	34.4	4.5	0.3	0.0	39.2
9-27	6.1	5.0	0.37	1.9	0.94	0.11	9	-	-	33.6	3.2	0	0.1	36.9
27-75	6.6	5.2	0.4	2.1	0.73	0.09	8	-	-	37.0	2.3	0	0.1	39.4
75-85	7.5	6.5	0.55	-	0.53	0.07	8	-	-	29.3	1.4	0	0.0	30.7

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-9	94	41.8	74	9.3	-	-	-
9-27	92	40.3	59	3.3	-	-	-
27-75	95	41.5	61	2.6	-	-	-
75-85	98	31.4	72	1.9	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-9	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	medium to strong	-
9-27	-	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	strong	-
27-75	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak	strong	-
75-85	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium	weak to medium	medium to strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-9 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,moderate to strong fine crumb,very friable,many fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bt1 9-27 cm	(5YR 4/7, moist)clay,moderate very fine subangular blocky,friable,broken moderately thick clay cutans,common fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bt2 27-75 cm	(5YR 4/7, moist)clay,weak to moderate very fine subangular blocky,firm,broken thick clay cutans,few fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt3 75- cm	(5YR 4/7, moist)clay,weak to moderate very fine subangular blocky,firm,few fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores,medium gravel quartzitic medium gravel strongly weathered lateritic fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	limestone
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	limestone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Texture of parent material	clayey
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	highly

Major crops	maize
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Rotation with sorghum
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuous crop rotation

Altitude	70m
Physiographic Unit	straight terrace
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	1%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-75cm

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Reference soil Thailand 07: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH007: Luvisols

Classification