Reference soil Thailand 09: Cambisol

TH009

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH009: Cambisols

CLIMATE: Data source is Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. REFERENCES: - Dent, F.J.; Moncharoen, Lek.: Report on the soil survey of the MERS study area, No. 6, Chantaburi; report SSR-46, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1966. - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojanasoonthon, S.: Interim reports on the Great Soil Group Survey, II: Chanthaburri study area; report SSR-38, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1965. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No. 48 Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966.

Classification

WRB 2014

Cambisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Ferralic Cambisol

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Tha Mai series, Red Latosol

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-6	-	0	0	0	1.4	2.5	3.9	7.8	14.9	22.7	53.4
6-30	-	0	0	0	1.1	1.6	2.7	4.5	13.1	17.8	79.5
30-70	-	0	0	0	1	1	2	4	12.4	17.1	80.3
70-150	-	0	0	0	1.2	1.4	2.6	4.5	13.7	18.2	79.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-6	-	-	-	8.1	53.4
6-30	-	-	-	0.5	79.5
30-70	-	-	-	0.9	80.3
70-150	-	-	-	0.5	79.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-6	3.9	4.0	0.62	-	4.77	0.38	13	2.2	1.8	1.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	1.2
6-30	5.0	4.7	0.15	-	1.41	0.12	12	0.4	0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
30-70	5.0	4.8	0.13	-	0.31	0.05	6	0.2	0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
70-150	4.9	4.7	0.3	-	0.25	0.04	6	0.2	0	2.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	2.7

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-6	4	31.3	43	16.7	-	6	-
6-30	0	21.3	27	4.9	-	0	-
30-70	1	15.8	20	1.1	-	0	-
70-150	14	19.9	25	0.9	-	0	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-6	-	-	-	-	-	9.5	1.6	-	-	-	-
6-30	-	-	-	-	-	9.9	1.5	-	-	-	-
30-70	-	-	-	-	-	10.8	1.5	-	-	-	-
70-150	-	-	-	-	-	10.4	1.3	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-6	23.1	0.08	19.5	0.13	0.42	-	29.4	4.43
6-30	26.1	0.13	21.7	0.14	0.47	-	29.0	5.01
30-70	26.9	0.07	22.3	0.12	0.45	-	29.4	5.17
70-150	25.8	0.07	22.3	0.13	0.48	-	29.1	5.18

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-6	1.9	19.3	0.64	1.09	2.2	4.0	1.4
6-30	1.9	14.2	0.96	1.22	1.9	3.6	1.2
30-70	1.9	12.4	0.64	1.18	1.9	3.5	1.2
70-150	1.8	12.0	0.59	1.13	1.9	3.5	1.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-6	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-
6-30	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-
30-70	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-
70-150	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	-	very weak to weak	-

Profile description

Ah 0-6 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist)clay loam,strong fine crumb,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
6-30 cm	(5YR 3/6, moist)clay,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw1 30-70 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4, moist)clay,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bw2 70-150 cm	dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, moist)clay,weak medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	fine-grained basic igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	residuum of basalt
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land clearing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Eupatorium odoratum; rubber
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop with current fallow

Altitude	30m
Physiographic Unit	basalt plateau
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm

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Reference soil Thailand 09: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH009: Cambisols

Classification