Reference soil Thailand 12: Acrisol

TH012

Acrisols occur dominantly in the wetter parts of the tropics and subtropics and the warm temperate regions in relatively young landscapes.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon), which has a cation exchange capacity of less than 24 cmolc per kg in some part, either starting within 100 cm from the soil surface, or within 200 cm from the soil surface if the argic horizon is overlain by loamy sand or coarser textures throughout. They have a base saturation (total amount of Ca, Mg, K and Na with respect to the cation exchange capacity) of less than 50 percent in the major part between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface

Distribution of Acrisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH012: Acrisols

LOCATION: On agricultural Station, 200 m W of highway to Udon Thani, 5 km N of Khon Kaen. Topographic sheet: AMS, series L708, sheet nr. 5560 II. CLIMATE: Data source is Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. REFERENCES: - Gallup, D.L. et al.: Soil survey interpretation handbook for Northeast Thailand. Soil survey reports No. 59 and 60, Ministry of National Development. July 1967. - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand. Reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moncharoen, Lek.; Cheuthongdee, Mana: Soil series of the Khon Kaen Area. Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok July 1966. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand. Report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Moormann, F.R. et al.: Soils of Northeastern Thailand (a key to their identification and survey). Miscellaneous report No.9 revised edition, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok 1964. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand. Report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No. 48 Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand. Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966.

Classification

WRB 2014

Acrisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Haplic Acrisol

Ferric Acrisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	ferric

Local classification:	Yasothon series, Latosol

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Kandiustalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Paleustalf ustic loamy kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	0	0	0	25.5	51.1	76.6	12.4	6.2	18.6	4.8
15-40	-	0	0	0	25.7	49.3	75	12	6.6	18.6	6.4
40-90	-	0	0	0	27.4	39.9	67.3	9.7	6.2	15.9	16.8
90-115	-	0	0	0	23.6	40.9	64.5	11.4	6	17.4	18.1

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	0.5	4.8
15-40	-	-	-	2.4	6.4
40-90	-	-	-	8.9	16.8
90-115	-	-	-	7.3	18.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-15	6.4	6.0	0.1	-	0.58	0.04	14	-	-	2.0	0.6	0.1	0.0	2.7
15-40	5.7	5.5	0.07	-	0.21	0.02	11	-	-	0.8	0.2	0	0.2	1.2
40-90	5.3	4.7	0.14	-	0.19	0.03	6	0	0	0.8	1.0	0	0.0	1.8
90-115	4.8	4.2	0.12	-	0.16	0.03	5	0.1	0	0.4	0.5	0	0.0	0.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-15	87	3.1	65	2.0	-	-	-
15-40	63	1.9	30	0.7	-	-	-
40-90	49	3.7	22	0.7	-	0	-
90-115	32	2.8	15	0.6	-	0	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-15	1.8	0.1	0.7	0.10	0.1	-	95.1	0.3
15-40	5.6	0	1.6	0.10	0.1	-	88.7	0.4
40-90	2.1	0.1	0.7	0.10	0.1	-	94.9	0.3
90-115	5.6	0	1.5	0.10	0.1	-	88.7	0.4

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-15	4.0	1.9	0	0.00	89.7	361.7	71.9
15-40	5.5	2.6	0	0.00	26.9	147.6	22.7
40-90	4.7	1.3	0	0.00	76.7	360.9	63.3
90-115	5.9	2.5	0	0.00	26.9	157.4	23

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-15	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	very weak to weak	strong	-	-
15-40	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	very weak to weak	strong	-	-
40-90	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-
90-115	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-15	0.1	-	99.9	41	1	99
15-40	0.1	-	99.9	38	-	100
40-90	0.1	-	99.9	40	1	99
90-115	0.1	-	99.9	33	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-15	12	3	-	-	-	1
15-40	13	3	-	-	-	3
40-90	16	5	-	-	-	-
90-115	16	6	-	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	7	-	-
15-40	-	-	-	7	-	-
40-90	-	-	-	5	-	-
90-115	-	-	-	8	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-15 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/2, moist)sandy loam,moderate medium and coarse crumb,soft very friable non sticky,few fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
15-40 cm	(5YR 4/8, moist)sandy loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,very friable non sticky non plastic,few fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw1 40-90 cm	(2.5YR 3.5/6, moist)sandy loam,weak to moderate fine subangular blocky and weak to moderate medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky,patchy thin clay around sand grains cutans,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw2 90-150 cm	red (2.5YR 4/8, moist)sandy clay loam,weak to moderate fine subangular blocky and weak to moderate medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay around sand grains cutans,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,few fine gravel charcoal fragments,few termite channels,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	old alluvial deposit
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Major crops	banana
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	mixed farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Mostly:kenaf or under dipterocarp forest
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	monoculture

Altitude	190m
Physiographic Unit	high terrace
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	somewhat excessive
Dry From - To	0-20cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	20-150cm

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Reference soil Thailand 12: Acrisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH012: Acrisols

Classification