Reference soil Thailand 13: Cambisol

TH013

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH013: Cambisols

MICRO RELIEF: Slightly undulating. VEGETATION AND LAND USE: Some trees (Dipterocarp species) have been left. CLIMATE: Tropical savanna climate. Almost 90% of the total annual rainfall falls in the period May-October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: A1 - Weak, fine and medium crumb only in 3 surface cm. B21t - coarse roots: decaying. B22t - coarse roots: decaying. REFERENCES: - Gallup, D.L. et al.: Soil survey interpretations handbook for Northeast Thailand, Soil Survey Reports No.59 and 60, Ministry of National Development. July 1967. - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand. Reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moncharoen, Lek.; Cheuthongdee, Mana: Soil series of the Khon Kaen Area. Soil Survey Division, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok July 1966. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand. Report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Moormann, F.R. et al.: Soils of Northeastern Thailand (a key to their identification and survey). Miscellaneous report No.9 revised edition, Ministry of National Development. Bangkok 1964. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand. Report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969.

Classification

WRB 2014

Cambisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Dystric Cambisol

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Korat series, Grey Podzolic

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Haplustult ustic medial mixed isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-13	-	0	0	0	5.7	58.2	63.9	25.4	6.5	31.9	4.2
13-25	-	0	0	0	5.9	54.3	60.2	24.8	7.5	32.3	7.5
25-98	-	0	0	0	5.9	50.9	56.8	21.3	6.9	28.2	15
98-135	-	0	0	0	5.3	47.5	52.8	21.9	7.4	29.3	17.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	-	4.2
13-25	-	-	-	-	7.5
25-98	-	-	-	-	15
98-135	-	-	-	-	17.9

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-13	5.1	4.9	0.09	-	0.39	0.03	13	0.1	0	2.5	0.1	0.1	0.0	2.7
13-25	4.9	4.3	0.07	-	0.21	0.02	11	0.2	0	1.5	0.1	0.1	0.0	1.7
25-98	4.5	3.8	0.05	-	0.12	0.01	12	2.0	1.8	0.5	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.8
98-135	4.5	3.7	0.06	-	0.11	0.01	11	2.1	1.8	1.5	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.9

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-13	104	2.6	62	1.4	-	0	-
13-25	57	3.0	40	0.7	-	0	-
25-98	17	4.6	31	0.4	-	39	-
98-135	36	5.3	30	0.4	-	34	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	0	-	-	-	-
13-25	-	-	-	-	-	0.3	0	-	-	-	-
25-98	-	-	-	-	-	0.4	0.1	-	-	-	-
98-135	-	-	-	-	-	0.4	0.1	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-13	1.6	0.06	0.9	0.14	0.11	-	97.5	0.28
13-25	3.0	0.06	0.9	0.20	0.23	-	95.1	0.31
25-98	4.9	0.03	1.3	0.31	0.19	-	90.7	0.36
98-135	5.9	0.03	1.4	0.35	0.21	-	89.9	0.39

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-13	2.8	1.5	0	0.04	103.4	288.4	76.1
13-25	5.2	1.7	0	0.03	53.8	281.3	45.2
25-98	5.9	2.3	0	0.03	31.4	185.7	26.9
98-135	6.6	2.6	0	0.03	25.9	171	22.5

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-13	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-
13-25	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	weak to medium	-
25-98	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-
98-135	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	weak to medium	weak to medium	very weak to weak	weak to medium	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-13	0.1	-	99.9	24	-	100
25-98	0.1	-	99.9	28	-	100
98-135	0.1	-	99.9	22	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-13	8	1	-	-	-	-
25-98	5	2	-	-	-	2
98-135	9	2	-	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	Brookite % w/w	Chloritic % w/w	Disthene % w/w	Epidote % w/w	Garnet % w/w	Glaucophane % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	1	-	-
25-98	-	-	-	1	-	-

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
0-13	-	-	-	5	-	-
25-98	-	-	-	12	-	-
98-135	-	-	-	8	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-13 cm	(7.5YR 7/3, dry) brown (7.5YR 5/4, moist)sandy loam,weak fine and medium crumb and weak fine and medium subangular blocky,soft very friable non sticky,few very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,abrupt smooth boundary to,
13-25 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky and weak medium subangular blocky,very friable non sticky,few very fine tubular pores and many tubular pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt1 25-98 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, moist)sandy clay loam wood fragments slightly,weak fine subangular blocky and weak medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky,common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt2 98-135 cm	reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6, moist)sandy clay loam wood fragments slightly,weak coarse subangular blocky,few fine faint mottles (5 YR 6/2) and few fine faint mottles (7.5 YR 5/8),common very fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	old alluvium
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Major crops	kenaf
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land clearing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Cleared few years ago
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop with current fallow

Altitude	175m
Physiographic Unit	middle alluvial terrace
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	0%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Dry From - To	0-10cm
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	0cm
Depth to groundwater table	120cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	100cm
Moist From - To	10-100cm
Wet From To	100cm

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Reference soil Thailand 13: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH013: Cambisols

Classification