Reference soil Turkey 13: Luvisol

TR013

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TR013: Luvisols

GEOLOGY: Miocene ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: C - sand and gravelly deposits

Classification

WRB 2014

Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Chromic Luvisol

Chromic Cambisol

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Noncalcic Brown Soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Typic Rhodoxeralf

More images

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-16	-	4.9	11.6	9.1	12.1	10.6	48.3	19	18.6	37.6	14.1
16-34	-	5.5	11	7.4	9.1	9	42	9.9	17.5	27.4	30.6
34-95	-	3.8	10.7	7.5	7.8	7.5	37.3	7.5	13.8	21.3	41.4
95-120	56	10.9	17.4	10.1	8	4.6	51	2.2	8.6	10.8	38.2

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-16	-	-	-	-	14.1
16-34	-	-	-	-	30.6
34-95	-	-	-	-	41.4
95-120	-	-	-	-	38.2

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-16	7.0	6.4	0.18	0.3	0.55	0.05	11	-	-	3.0	0.4	0.5	0.0	3.9
16-34	6.9	5.8	0.16	0.1	0.24	0.05	5	-	-	6.1	1.7	0.7	0.0	8.5
34-95	6.9	5.7	0.27	0.1	0.21	0.06	4	-	-	12.4	5.0	0.7	0.0	18.1
95-120	6.7	5.4	0.19	0.1	0.07	0.07	1	-	-	12.2	5.3	0.8	0.0	18.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-16	54	7.2	51	1.9	-	-	-
16-34	64	13.3	43	0.8	-	-	-
34-95	85	21.2	51	0.7	-	-	-
95-120	89	20.6	54	0.2	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-16	-	-	-	-	-	0.61	-	-	-	-	-
16-34	-	-	-	-	-	1.16	-	-	-	-	-
34-95	-	-	-	-	-	1.77	-	-	-	-	-
95-120	-	-	-	-	-	1.55	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-16 cm	light brown (7.5YR 6/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium granular,slightly hard friable non sticky non plastic,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah 16-34 cm	reddish brown (5YR 5/4, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)loam slightly gravelly,moderate medium subangular blocky,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,clear wavy boundary to,
B 34-95 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, dry) (2.5YR 3/5, moist)clay loam slightly gravelly,strong coarse prismatic,very hard very firm very sticky plastic,gradual smooth boundary to,
C 95-120 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/8, dry) yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)sandy clay loam,structureless single grain,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sedimentary rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Remarks on Parent Materials	sand, gravel & clay

Major crops	sunflower
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	Short & mid grass, cult.land-also wheat
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	medium tall grassland

Altitude	102m
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	peneplain
Slope	4%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

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Reference soil Turkey 13: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TR013: Luvisols

Classification