Reference soil United States of America 11: Durisol

US011

Durisols are found in the drier climates of the world where a source of silica is present, notably Southern Africa and Australia. Smaller occurrences are reported from the USA and the Mediterranean region.

Characteristics

Soils having a (petro-)duric horizon (horizon with accumulation of secondary silica) within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Durisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil US011: Durisols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Ap: slightly calcareous due to disseminated lime previously applied as soil amendment. Bt1: also clay films as bridges between mineral grains. Bt2: also common very fine interstitial pores; also common thin clay films as bridges between mineral grains; common light grey (10YR 7/2) fine sand or silt grains on ped faces and pore linings. Bt3: also few medium roots; also many fine clay films as bridges between mineral grains; common non-intersecting slickensides within the matrix; mottles formed by reaction of soil with root residue at upper boundary of the horizon. Bt4: also few medium roots; also common thin clay films as bridges between mineral grains. Cqm1: colour dry also light brown (7.5YR 6/4); consistence moist brittle; silica and sesquioxide cemetation in more than 90% of the matrix. Cqm2: colour dry also strong brown (7.5YR 4/6); consistence moist brittle; silica and sesquioxide cementation in more than 90% of the matrix. Cq: consistence moist brittle; silica and sesquioxide cementation in 70-90% of the matrix.

Classification

WRB 1998

Durisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Duri-Haplic Luvisol

Orthic Luvisol duripan

- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	argillic B horizon
- cm	duripan horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

Local classification:	San Joaquin loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Abruptic Durixeralf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Abruptic Durixeralf xeric fine mixed thermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-15	1	0.4	1	3.5	12.7	12.7	30.3	28.4	27.9	56.3	13.4
15-25	0	0.3	1.1	3.6	12.8	13.1	30.9	27.4	28.6	56	13.1
25-41	0	0.3	0.9	3.8	13.4	13.5	31.9	25.9	26.4	52.3	15.8
41-53	0	0.1	0.2	1.5	13	13.6	28.4	18.1	15.7	33.8	37.8
53-66	0	0	0	1.4	14.5	15.8	31.7	18.2	13.4	31.6	36.7
66-74	0	0.4	1	2.4	21.2	21.3	46.3	22.1	20.3	42.4	11.3
74-122	0	0	0	2.8	23.7	19.9	46.4	20.8	16.5	37.3	16.3
122-152	0	0.3	6	26.5	23.1	8.4	64.3	8.8	10	18.8	16.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-15	1.52	-	-	-	13.4
15-25	1.71	-	-	-	13.1
25-41	1.73	-	-	-	15.8
41-53	1.86	-	-	-	37.8
53-66	1.81	-	-	-	36.7
66-74	1.86	-	-	-	11.3
74-122	1.86	-	-	-	16.3
122-152	1.74	-	-	-	16.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-15	1.52	-	-	-	-	18	-	-	5.9
15-25	1.71	-	-	-	-	13.9	-	-	5.3
25-41	1.73	-	-	-	-	13.2	-	-	6.5
41-53	1.86	-	-	-	-	22.9	-	-	16.5
53-66	1.81	-	-	-	-	21.4	-	-	14.7
66-74	1.86	-	-	-	-	16.1	-	-	9.3
74-122	1.86	-	-	-	-	15.4	-	-	9.2
122-152	1.74	-	-	-	-	12.9	-	-	8.1

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-15	6.4	-	-	0	0.84	0.09	9	1.4	-	6.7	1.7	0.2	0.2	8.8
15-25	5.8	-	-	0	0.57	0.07	8	2.9	-	5.1	1.6	0.1	0.2	7
25-41	5.9	-	-	0	0.29	0.04	7	1.9	-	5.0	2.8	0.1	0.2	8.1
41-53	6.1	-	-	0	0.21	0.05	4	3.2	-	9.8	7.8	0.3	0.6	18.5
53-66	6.6	-	-	0	0.19	-	-	2.2	-	10.4	8.5	0.3	0.7	19.9
66-74	7.8	-	-	0	0.06	-	-	0	-	9.2	7.3	0.2	0.8	17.5
74-122	7.7	-	-	0	0.05	-	-	0	-	8.4	6.8	0.2	0.9	16.3
122-152	7.8	-	-	0	0.04	-	-	0	-	7.5	6.1	0.2	1.0	14.8

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-15	90	9.8	73	3.0	-	-	-
15-25	78	9	69	2.0	-	-	-
25-41	83	9.8	62	1.0	-	-	-
41-53	89	20.7	55	1.0	-	-	-
53-66	93	21.5	59	1.0	-	-	-
66-74	100	17.4	154	0	-	-	-
74-122	100	15.4	94	0	-	-	-
122-152	100	13.3	79	0	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-15	-	-	-	-	-	1.9	0.2	-	-	-	-
15-25	-	-	-	-	-	1.1	0.1	-	-	-	-
25-41	-	-	-	-	-	1.2	0.1	-	-	-	-
41-53	-	-	-	-	-	1.6	0.1	-	-	-	-
53-66	-	-	-	-	-	1.5	0.1	-	-	-	-
66-74	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.1	-	-	-	-
74-122	-	-	-	-	-	1.1	0.1	-	-	-	-
122-152	-	-	-	-	-	1.3	0.1	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
15-25	-	-	-	-	-	-	strong	weak to medium	-	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak
41-53	-	-	-	-	-	-	very strong	weak	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium
66-74	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak	-	-	weak	weak

Soluble sands

Depth (cm)	Ca mmol(c)/kg	Mg mmol(c)/kg	K mmol(c)/kg	Na mmol(c)/kg	sum cations mmol(c)/kg	CO3 mmol(c)/kg	HCO3 mmol(c)/kg	Cl mmol(c)/kg	NO3 mmol(c)/kg	SO4 mmol(c)/kg	sum anions mmol(c)/kg
0-15	5	2.1	0.3	2.2	9.6	0	0.8	1.2	5.3	1.9	9.2
15-25	2	0.8	0.1	1.4	4.3	0	0.3	0.5	0.7	2.5	4
25-41	1.1	0.8	0	1.4	3.3	0	0.3	0.5	0.1	2.5	3.4
41-53	1.1	1.0	0	2.3	4.4	0	0.4	0.3	0.1	3.5	4.3
53-66	1.2	1.1	0.1	2.8	5.2	0	0.5	0.4	0.1	4.5	5.5
66-74	1.7	1.7	0	3.7	7.1	0	2.2	0.4	0	4.8	7.4
74-122	2.9	2.8	0.1	5.6	11.4	0	2.1	0.7	0	8.7	11.5
122-152	5.4	5.5	0.1	8.5	19.5	0	1.5	3.1	3.3	11.9	19.8

Depth (cm)	Sodium ads. ratio	pH e	EC e dS/m	EC 1 : 5 dS/m
0-15	1	6.2	1.02	-
15-25	1	5.7	0.46	-
25-41	2	5.8	0.41	-
41-53	2	6	0.48	-
53-66	3	6.1	0.58	-
66-74	3	7.2	0.73	-
74-122	3	7.8	1.1	-
122-152	4	7.8	1.81	-

Profile description

Ap 0-15 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)loam,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine interstitial pores and common tubular pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very few ferruginous concretions,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt1 15-25 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%),very few ferruginous concretions,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt2 25-41 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,very hard friable sticky plastic,patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine tubular pores and few tubular pores,very few small ferruginous concretions,abrupt wavy boundary to,
Bt3 41-53 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)clay,moderate medium prismatic,extremely hard firm sticky very plastic,few mottles,broken moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans,common very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,very few small ferruginous concretions,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt4 53-66 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)clay,moderate medium prismatic,extremely hard firm sticky plastic,broken thick clay on pedfaces cutans,common very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores,very few small soft ferruginous concretions,abrupt wavy boundary to,
Cqm1 66-74 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)strongly coherent massive,extremely hard,common very fine discontinuous tubular pores,few small ferruginous concretions,continuous massive indurated duripan pans,gradual smooth boundary to,
Cqm2 74-122 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)strongly coherent massive,extremely hard,common very fine discontinuous tubular pores,cylindrical ferruginous ferruginous concretions,continuous massive indurated duripan pans,clear wavy boundary to,
Cq 122-152 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)strongly coherent massive,extremely hard,many very fine interstitial pores,cylindrical ferruginous ferruginous concretions,continuous massive strongly cemented duripan pans,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	coarse-grained acid igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	granitic rock
Soil Depth	66cm
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	slight
Soil erosion type	sheet
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	grapes
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	seasonally irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	high level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	drip and sprinkler irrigation
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop rotation scheme not relevant

Altitude	13m
Physiographic Unit	low terrace
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	2%
Slope Aspect	east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Lower limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	122cm
Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Dry From - To	0-152cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	slow
Upper limit of a slow permeable or stagnating layer in the profile	66cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil United States of America 11: Durisol

Characteristics

Reference soil US011: Durisols

Classification