Reference soil United States of America 15: Luvisol

US015

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil US015: Luvisols

Full vegetation description available in file

Classification

WRB 1998

Cutani-Albic- Luvisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Albic Luvisol

Local classification:	Miami silt loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Hapludalf udic fine-loamy mixed mesic
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Hapludalf udic fine-loamy mixed mesic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	0	0.4	0.7	2.8	4.6	3.1	11.6	30	43.6	73.6	14.8
10-20	0	0.1	0.6	2.7	4.3	2.9	10.6	29.9	44	73.9	15.5
20-32	0	0	0.4	1.8	3	2.4	7.6	28.6	42.6	71.2	21.2
32-53	3	0.7	1.1	3.7	6.3	4.2	16	23	30.8	53.8	30.2
53-76	5	1.4	2.9	8.4	14	7.4	34.1	10.4	17.8	28.2	37.7
76-99	8	2.3	3.7	7.4	12.3	7.5	33.2	12.8	21.6	34.4	32.4
99-130	12	3.5	5.4	9.2	14.6	9.2	41.9	14.5	25.6	40.1	18
130-162	15	6.7	7.6	13.4	18.9	10.3	56.9	15.4	17.9	33.3	9.8

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	1.35	-	-	-	14.8
10-20	1.51	-	-	-	15.5
20-32	1.57	-	-	-	21.2
32-53	1.71	-	-	-	30.2
53-76	1.7	-	-	-	37.7
76-99	1.71	-	-	-	32.4
99-130	1.96	-	-	-	18
130-162	1.93	-	-	-	9.8

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-10	1.35	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7.9
10-20	1.51	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5.9
20-32	1.57	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8.6
32-53	1.71	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.7
53-76	1.7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	15.2
76-99	1.71	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.5
99-130	1.96	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9.4
130-162	1.93	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	6.3	-	-	-	1.92	0.16	12	4.4	-	8.9	1.8	0.2	0.1	11
10-20	5.3	-	-	-	0.67	0.06	11	4.5	0.2	4.5	1.3	0.2	0.2	6.2
20-32	4.8	-	-	-	0.36	0.04	9	7.4	1.8	4.0	1.7	0.2	0.2	6.1
32-53	4.7	-	-	-	0.31	0.04	8	11.6	3.9	4.8	3.6	0.3	0.1	8.8
53-76	5.1	-	-	-	0.34	0.05	7	8.3	1.1	8.9	7.0	0.4	0.1	16.4
76-99	7.8	-	-	9	0.41	0.05	8	-	-	36.1	10.3	0.3	0.1	46.8
99-130	8.2	-	-	34	0.29	-	-	-	-	-	3.2	0.1	0.2	3.5
130-162	8.2	-	-	35	0.18	-	-	-	-	-	1.9	0	0.1	2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	100	11	74	6.7	-	-	1
10-20	78	7.9	51	2.3	-	3	3
20-32	60	10.2	48	1.3	-	18	2
32-53	53	16.7	55	1.1	-	23	1
53-76	77	21.2	56	1.2	-	5	0
76-99	260	18	56	1.4	-	-	1
99-130	-	7.8	43	1.0	-	-	3
130-162	-	3.8	39	0.6	-	-	3

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
20-32	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium
32-53	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak	very weak to weak	weak to medium
99-130	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak	very weak to weak	-	very weak	very weak to weak	very weak to weak

Profile description

Ah 0-10 cm	dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2, moist)silt loam,moderate fine granular,very friable,many medium roots,frequent worm channels,5.5,clear wavy boundary to,
E/A 10-20 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, moist)silt loam,weak medium subangular blocky,friable,many medium roots,frequent worm channels,5.2,clear wavy boundary to,
BE 20-32 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)silt loam,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable,few distinct mottles (10YR 6/3),common medium and coarse roots,frequent worm channels,4.6,clear wavy boundary to,
Bt1 32-53 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)silty clay loam,moderate medium subangular blocky,firm,few distinct mottles (10YR 6/3),continuous thin clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,common medium and coarse roots,frequent worm channels,4.6,clear wavy boundary to,
2Bt2 53-76 cm	(10YR 4/5, moist)clay loam,weak medium prismatic parting to moderate to strong medium angular blocky,firm,few mottles,continuous moderately thick clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,common medium and coarse roots,frequent worm channels,4.6,clear smooth boundary to,
2Bt3 76-99 cm	(10YR 4/5, moist)clay loam,weak medium prismatic parting to moderate to strong medium angular blocky,firm,continuous moderately thick clay and humus on pedfaces cutans,common medium and coarse roots,frequent worm channels,7.9,clear wavy boundary to,
2C1 99-130 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)sandy loam,massive,firm,few roots,strongly calcareous 10% HCl 8.4,gradual wavy boundary to,
2C2 130-162 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, moist)sandy loam,massive,friable,strongly calcareous 10% HCl 8.5,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	glacial till
Remarks on Parent Materials	loess overlying Wisconsion glacial till
Texture of parent material	loamy
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate
Weathering Resistance (second entry)	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock (second entry)	slightly

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	forestry
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: trees are hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.)
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	deciduous forest

Physiographic Unit	till-plain swell
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	4%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Moist From - To	0-162cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

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Reference soil United States of America 15: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil US015: Luvisols

Classification