Reference soil United States of America 11: Durisol

US011

Distribution of Durisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Ap: slightly calcareous due to disseminated lime previously applied as soil amendment. Bt1: also clay films as bridges between mineral grains. Bt2: also common very fine interstitial pores; also common thin clay films as bridges between mineral grains; common light grey (10YR 7/2) fine sand or silt grains on ped faces and pore linings. Bt3: also few medium roots; also many fine clay films as bridges between mineral grains; common non-intersecting slickensides within the matrix; mottles formed by reaction of soil with root residue at upper boundary of the horizon. Bt4: also few medium roots; also common thin clay films as bridges between mineral grains. Cqm1: colour dry also light brown (7.5YR 6/4); consistence moist brittle; silica and sesquioxide cemetation in more than 90% of the matrix. Cqm2: colour dry also strong brown (7.5YR 4/6); consistence moist brittle; silica and sesquioxide cementation in more than 90% of the matrix. Cq: consistence moist brittle; silica and sesquioxide cementation in 70-90% of the matrix.

WRB 1998:

Durisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Duri-

Haplic Luvisol

Orthic Luvisol

duripan phase

0-0 cm	argic B horizon
0-0 cm	ochric A horizon

0-0 cm	argillic B horizon
0-0 cm	duripan
0-0 cm	ochric A horizon

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)

Abruptic

Durixeralf

USDA-SCS (1975)

Abruptic

Durixeralf

fine

mixed

thermic

Classification (other)	San Joaquin loam
	California State soil

Location:

California, San Joaquin County, 8km N of Lodi, near Tracy Lake

Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)		Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-15	:	1	0.4	1	3.5	12.7	12.7	30.3	28.4	27.9	56.3	13.4
15-25	:	0	0.3	1.1	3.6	12.8	13.1	30.9	27.4	28.6	56	13.1
25-41	:	0	0.3	0.9	3.8	13.4	13.5	31.9	25.9	26.4	52.3	15.8
41-53	:	0	0.1	0.2	1.5	13	13.6	28.4	18.1	15.7	33.8	37.8
53-66	:	0	0	0	1.4	14.5	15.8	31.7	18.2	13.4	31.6	36.7
66-74	:	0	0.4	1	2.4	21.2	21.3	46.3	22.1	20.3	42.4	11.3
74-122	:	0	0	0	2.8	23.7	19.9	46.4	20.8	16.5	37.3	16.3
122-152	:	0	0.3	6	26.5	23.1	8.4	64.3	8.8	10	18.8	16.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	pF 0 (% w/v)	pF 1.0 (% w/v)	pF 1.5 (% w/v)	pF 2.0 (% w/v)	pF 2.3 (% w/v)	pF 2.7 (% w/v)	pF 3.4 (% w/v)	pF 4.2 (% w/v)	pF 2.5 (%)
0-15	:	1.52	-	-	-	-	18	-	-	5.9	-
15-25	:	1.71	-	-	-	-	13.9	-	-	5.3	-
25-41	:	1.73	-	-	-	-	13.2	-	-	6.5	-
41-53	:	1.86	-	-	-	-	22.9	-	-	16.5	-
53-66	:	1.81	-	-	-	-	21.4	-	-	14.7	-
66-74	:	1.86	-	-	-	-	16.1	-	-	9.3	-
74-122	:	1.86	-	-	-	-	15.4	-	-	9.2	-
122-152	:	1.74	-	-	-	-	12.9	-	-	8.1	-

Other physical data

Depth (cm)		Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
0-15	:	-	-	-	-	13.4
15-25	:	-	-	-	-	13.1
25-41	:	-	-	-	-	15.8
41-53	:	-	-	-	-	37.8
53-66	:	-	-	-	-	36.7
66-74	:	-	-	-	-	11.3
74-122	:	-	-	-	-	16.3
122-152	:	-	-	-	-	16.9

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)		pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-15	:	6.4	-	-	0.84	0.09	9	1.4	-	6.7	1.7	0.2	0.2	8.8
15-25	:	5.8	-	-	0.57	0.07	8	2.9	-	5.1	1.6	0.1	0.2	7
25-41	:	5.9	-	-	0.29	0.04	7	1.9	-	5.0	2.8	0.1	0.2	8.1
41-53	:	6.1	-	-	0.21	0.05	4	3.2	-	9.8	7.8	0.3	0.6	18.5
53-66	:	6.6	-	-	0.19	-	-	2.2	-	10.4	8.5	0.3	0.7	19.9
66-74	:	7.8	-	-	0.06	-	-	0	-	9.2	7.3	0.2	0.8	17.5
74-122	:	7.7	-	-	0.05	-	-	0	-	8.4	6.8	0.2	0.9	16.3
122-152	:	7.8	-	-	0.04	-	-	0	-	7.5	6.1	0.2	1.0	14.8

Depth (cm)		CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)	ESP (%)
0-15	:	9.8	73	3.0	-	90	-	-
15-25	:	9	69	2.0	-	78	-	-
25-41	:	9.8	62	1.0	-	83	-	-
41-53	:	20.7	55	1.0	-	89	-	-
53-66	:	21.5	59	1.0	-	93	-	-
66-74	:	17.4	154	0	-	100	-	-
74-122	:	15.4	94	0	-	100	-	-
122-152	:	13.3	79	0	-	100	-	-

Depth (cm)		pH NaF	P Retention (%)	ODOE	Melanic Index	Fe o (wt%)	Al o (wt%)	Si o (wt%)	Fe d (wt%)	Al d (wt%)	Fe p (wt%)	Al p (wt%)	C p (wt%)
0-15	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.9	0.2	-	-	-
15-25	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.1	0.1	-	-	-
25-41	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.2	0.1	-	-	-
41-53	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.6	0.1	-	-	-
53-66	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.5	0.1	-	-	-
66-74	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.1	-	-	-
74-122	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.1	0.1	-	-	-
122-152	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.3	0.1	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy:

Depth (cm)		Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Vermiculite	Chlorite	Smec	Halloysite	Mixed layer	Quar	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Hematite
0-15	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
15-25	:	strong	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	very weak to weak	-	-	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
25-41	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
41-53	:	very strong	weak	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
53-66	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
66-74	:	weak to medium	weak	weak	-	weak	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
74-122	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
122-152	:	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Soluble salts:

Depth (cm)		Ca (mmol (c) / kg soil)	Mg (mmol (c) / kg soil)	K (mmol (c) / kg soil)	Na (mmol (c) / kg soil)	Sum Cations (mmol (c) / kg soil)	HCO3 (mmol (c) / kg soil)	Cl (mmol (c) / kg soil)	SO4 (mmol (c) / kg soil)	NO3 (mmol (c) / kg soil)	Sum anions (mmol (c) / kg soil)
0-15	:	5	2.1	0.3	2.2	9.6	0.8	1.2	1.9	5.3	9.2
15-25	:	2	0.8	0.1	1.4	4.3	0.3	0.5	2.5	0.7	4
25-41	:	1.1	0.8	0	1.4	3.3	0.3	0.5	2.5	0.1	3.4
41-53	:	1.1	1.0	0	2.3	4.4	0.4	0.3	3.5	0.1	4.3
53-66	:	1.2	1.1	0.1	2.8	5.2	0.5	0.4	4.5	0.1	5.5
66-74	:	1.7	1.7	0	3.7	7.1	2.2	0.4	4.8	0	7.4
74-122	:	2.9	2.8	0.1	5.6	11.4	2.1	0.7	8.7	0	11.5
122-152	:	5.4	5.5	0.1	8.5	19.5	1.5	3.1	11.9	3.3	19.8

Depth (cm)		Sodium Ads. Ratio	pH e	EC e (mS/cm)	EC 1 : 5 (mS/cm)
0-15	:	1	6.2	1.02	-
15-25	:	1	5.7	0.46	-
25-41	:	2	5.8	0.41	-
41-53	:	2	6	0.48	-
53-66	:	3	6.1	0.58	-
66-74	:	3	7.2	0.73	-
74-122	:	3	7.8	1.1	-
122-152	:	4	7.8	1.81	-

Profile description:

Ap 0-15 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist), loam, moderate fine and medium subangular blocky, hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic, many very fine interstitial pores and common tubular pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%), very few ferruginous concretions, clear wavy boundary to,
Bt1 15-25 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist), loam, moderate medium subangular blocky, hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic, patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans, many very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores moderately porous (40-60 vol%), very few ferruginous concretions, clear wavy boundary to,
Bt2 25-41 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist), loam, moderate medium subangular blocky, very hard friable sticky plastic, patchy thin clay on pedfaces cutans, many very fine tubular pores and few tubular pores, very few small ferruginous concretions, abrupt wavy boundary to,
Bt3 41-53 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist), clay, moderate medium prismatic, extremely hard firm sticky very plastic, few mottles, broken moderately thick clay on pedfaces cutans, common very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores, very few small ferruginous concretions, gradual wavy boundary to,
Bt4 53-66 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist), clay, moderate medium prismatic, extremely hard firm sticky plastic, broken thick clay on pedfaces cutans, common very fine tubular pores and few interstitial pores, very few small soft ferruginous concretions, abrupt wavy boundary to,
Cqm1 66-74 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist), strongly coherent massive, extremely hard, common very fine discontinuous tubular pores, few small ferruginous concretions, continuous massive indurated duripan pans, gradual smooth boundary to,
Cqm2 74-122 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist), strongly coherent massive, extremely hard, common very fine discontinuous tubular pores, cylindrical ferruginous ferruginous concretions, continuous massive indurated duripan pans, clear wavy boundary to,
Cq 122-152 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist), strongly coherent massive, extremely hard, many very fine interstitial pores, cylindrical ferruginous ferruginous concretions, continuous massive strongly cemented duripan pans

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	coarse-grained acid igneous rock
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	fluvial
Texture of parent material (1st entry)
Depth1 of lithological boundary	cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Texture of parent material (2nd entry)	loamy
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	66 cm
Remarks on Parent Materials	granitic rock

Soil erosion type (1st entry)	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type (1st entry)	slight
Occurrence of soil aggradation	absent
Slope Stability	stable

Current land use at the site	high level arable farming
Major crops	grapes
Main type of irrigation	seasonally irrigated
Rotation scheme	crop rotation scheme not relevant
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site
Status of vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	drip and sprinkler irrigation

The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	13 m asl
Regional landform	alluvial terrace
Topography of the surrounding country	flat or almost flat
Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	low terrace
The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	2 %
The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Slope Aspect of the site	east

Depth of groundwater table	cm
Groundwater Top	cm
Groundwater Bottom	cm
Kind of groundwater table	no groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	66 cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	122 cm
Runoff	slow
Flooding frequency	never
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Drainage Class	well
To Drainage Class
Moisture conditions of the profile: dry from -to	0-152 cm
Moisture conditions of the profile: moist from -to	cm
Wet From - To	cm

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site
Microrelief Pattern	none
Microrelief Height
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	none
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

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Reference soil United States of America 11: Durisol