Reference soil Zambia 02: Ferralsol

ZM002

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ZM002: Ferralsols

Ferralsol

Classification

WRB 2006

Vetic- Ferralsol (Alumic Hyperdystric Rhodic)

24-130 cm

ferralic horizon

24-130 cm

ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Rhodi-Ferralic Cambisol

Orthic Ferralsol

0-7 cm	ochric A horizon
7-130 cm	cambic B horizon

0-7 cm	ochric A horizon
24-130 cm	oxic B horizon
-	ferralic

Local classification:	Kasama sandy loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Kandiustult
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Haplustox ustic fine-loamy siliceous isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-7	-	0.9	1.9	7.8	32.9	27.2	70.7	5.5	3.0	8.5	20.7
7-20	-	0.6	2.1	8.3	33.2	26.0	70.2	4.8	3.7	8.5	21.3
20-40	-	0.7	2.0	7.8	31.9	25.2	67.6	5.0	1.9	6.9	25.5
40-70	-	0.9	2.2	7.7	32.3	23.2	66.3	4.0	2.2	6.2	27.4
70-100	-	0.9	2.3	7.2	30.9	24.3	65.6	5.0	1.6	6.6	27.8
100-130	-	0.9	2.1	7.1	30.4	24.9	65.4	4.7	2.8	7.5	27.0
130-155	-	0.7	2.0	6.9	31.4	24.1	65.1	5.3	2.3	7.6	27.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-7	-	34	-	1.5	20.7
7-20	-	32	-	2.0	21.3
20-40	-	32	-	0.5	25.5
40-70	-	33	-	0.5	27.4
70-100	-	33	-	0.5	27.8
100-130	-	32	-	0.5	27.0
130-155	-	32	-	0.5	27.4

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-7	5.0	4.3	0.22	-	2.70	-	-	0.8	0.5	1.6	-	0.2	0	2.1
7-20	5.0	4.1	0.04	-	1.20	-	-	1.3	1.0	0.6	-	0.1	0	0.8
20-40	5.1	4.2	0.03	-	0.40	-	-	1.0	0.8	0.1	-	0.1	0	0.2
40-70	5.2	4.3	0.02	-	0.20	-	-	0.7	0.8	0.4	-	0.1	0	0.6
70-100	5.0	4.3	0.01	-	0.10	-	-	0.8	0.6	0.0	-	0.0	0	0.1
100-130	4.9	4.2	0.01	-	0.20	-	-	0.9	0.6	0.1	-	0.0	0	0.1
130-155	5.1	4.2	0.01	-	0.10	-	-	0.8	0.7	0.1	-	0.0	0	0.1

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-7	30	7.1	34	9.5	-	7	0
7-20	15	5.2	24	4.2	-	19	0
20-40	8	2.6	10	1.4	-	31	0
40-70	25	2.4	9	0.7	-	33	0
70-100	5	1.9	7	0.4	-	32	0
100-130	6	1.7	6	0.7	-	35	0
130-155	6	1.7	6	0.4	-	41	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	0.13	-	1.84	0.19	0.09	0.14	-	0.06
7-20	-	-	-	0.16	-	2.17	0.21	0.12	0.15	-	0.07
20-40	-	-	-	0.13	-	2.34	0.22	0.08	0.09	-	0.06
40-70	-	-	-	0.09	-	2.33	0.20	0.02	0.04	-	0.05
70-100	-	-	-	0.08	-	2.33	0.20	0.01	0.04	-	0.04
100-130	-	-	-	0.07	-	2.32	0.19	0.01	0.04	-	0.04
130-155	-	-	-	0.08	-	2.16	0.17	0.01	0.04	-	0.04

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-7	-	-	45.5	-	-	-	-	-	-
7-20	-	-	17.8	-	-	-	-	-	-
20-40	-	-	3.5	-	-	-	-	-	-
40-70	-	-	0.7	-	-	-	-	-	-
70-100	-	-	1.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
100-130	-	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-
130-155	-	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-7	38.6	35.5	9.8	0.05	0.20	0.82	-	1.22
7-20	37.9	35.8	9.8	0.01	0.18	0.79	-	1.23
20-40	38.3	35.6	10.1	0.00	0.15	0.73	-	1.24
40-70	38.4	35.7	10.2	0.00	0.14	0.69	-	1.19
70-100	38.6	35.5	10.2	0.00	0.14	0.73	-	1.20
100-130	38.3	35.5	10.1	0.00	0.12	0.75	-	1.20
130-155	38.2	35.4	10.1	0.00	0.14	0.72	-	1.20

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
0-7	0.09	0.56	13.3	100.14	1.8	10.5	1.6	5.7
7-20	0.07	0.44	13.3	99.52	1.8	10.3	1.5	5.7
20-40	0.02	0.26	13.2	99.6	1.8	10.1	1.5	5.5
40-70	0.02	0.24	13.1	99.68	1.8	10	1.5	5.5
70-100	0.01	0.22	13.1	99.7	1.8	10.1	1.6	5.5
100-130	0.01	0.18	13.2	99.36	1.8	10.1	1.5	5.5
130-155	0.01	0.18	13.3	99.25	1.8	10.1	1.5	5.5

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-7	8.2	0.02	4.6	0.20	0.09	-	81.1	0.68
7-20	7.0	0.07	4.5	0.20	0.07	-	82.1	0.70
20-40	9.6	0.00	5.1	0.22	0.06	-	79.5	0.73
40-70	10.4	0.00	5.3	0.23	0.07	-	80.4	0.77
70-100	10.4	0.00	5.1	0.24	0.07	-	80.0	0.76
100-130	10.3	0.00	5.3	0.23	0.06	-	80.8	0.78
130-155	10.3	0.00	5.2	0.23	0.04	-	80.3	0.78

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-7	2.8	5.9	0.03	0.08	16.8	46.9	12.4
7-20	2.4	4.8	0.03	0.10	19.9	48.5	14.1
20-40	2.9	4.1	0.02	0.05	14.1	41.4	10.5
40-70	3.1	4.0	0.01	0.03	13.1	40.3	9.9
70-100	3.2	4.1	0.01	0.03	13.1	41.7	9.9
100-130	3	4.0	0.01	0.04	13.3	40.5	10
130-155	3.1	4.0	0.01	0.03	13.2	41	10

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-7	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-
7-20	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-
20-40	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-
40-70	-	very weak to weak	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-
70-100	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	weak to medium	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-
100-130	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-
130-155	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	very weak to weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	52	-	100
7-20	-	1	-	55	-	99
20-40	-	-	-	73	-	100
40-70	-	1	-	50	-	99
70-100	1.5	-	98.5	49	-	100
100-130	-	-	-	52	-	100
130-155	-	-	-	46	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-7	15	-	-	-	-	1
7-20	22	-	-	-	-	1
20-40	24	-	-	-	-	1
40-70	12	-	-	-	-	-
70-100	8	-	-	-	-	-
100-130	13	1	-	-	-	-
130-155	14	-	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
0-7	-	-	-	4	-	-
7-20	-	-	-	5	-	-
20-40	-	-	-	3	-	-
40-70	-	-	-	5	-	-
70-100	-	-	-	5	-	-
100-130	-	-	-	5	-	-
130-155	-	-	-	7	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-7 cm	dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, moist)sandy loam,weak to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and weak to moderate coarse subangular blocky,soft (dry), very friable (moist), slightly sticky, slightly plastic,many very fine pores,many fine roots,non calcareous,clear wavy boundary to,
BA 7-24 cm	(2.5YR 3/5, moist)sandy clay loam,weak to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky,soft very friable sticky slightly plastic,common very fine pores,many fine and medium roots,non calcareous,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt1 24-40 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky,soft friable sticky slightly plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common very fine and fine pores,many fine roots,non calcareous,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt2 40-70 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,soft very friable sticky plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common very fine and fine pores,common fine and medium roots,non calcareous,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt3 70-100 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,soft very friable sticky plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common very fine and fine pores,common fine and medium roots,non calcareous,diffuse smooth boundary to,
Bt4 100-130 cm	red (2.5YR 4/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,soft very friable sticky plastic,patchy thin clay cutans,common very fine and fine pores,common fine and medium roots,non calcareous,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	undifferentiated Devonian Kundelungu
Soil Depth	200cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Weathering Resistance	high
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	woodland, grazed
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Light tree cover, Uapaca and grasses. Natural vegetation: Brachystegia, Julbernardia woodland
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	deciduous woodland

Altitude	1385m
Physiographic Unit	slope
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	3%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-130cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Zambia 02: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil ZM002: Ferralsols

Classification