Reference soil Namibia 07: Phaeozem

NA007

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil NA007: Phaeozems

Phaeozem

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Phaeozem (Hyposodic Pachic Clayic)

Pachi-Hyposodic- Phaeozem

0-60 cm	mollic horizon
60-100 cm	cambic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Pachi-Haplic Phaeozem

Haplic Phaeozem

0-60 cm	mollic A horizon
60-100 cm	cambic B horizon

0-60 cm	mollic A horizon
60-100 cm	cambic B horizon

Local classification:	Dunkelbraune bis schwarzer tiefgründiger Talboden

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Haplustoll
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Haplustoll ustic fine-loamy mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-20	-	1.7	4.6	13.3	26.5	7.6	53.7	2.8	8.8	11.6	34.7
20-40	-	2.5	5.9	15.8	25.8	6.4	56.4	3.4	6.0	9.4	34.2
40-60	-	2.7	7.0	17.5	25.4	6.3	58.9	3.4	6.5	9.9	31.2
60-80	-	3.4	5.7	15.5	27.5	6.8	58.9	3.1	7.5	10.6	30.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-20	-	-	-	-	34.7
20-40	-	-	-	-	34.2
40-60	-	-	-	-	31.2
60-80	-	-	-	-	30.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-20	7.6	6.1	0.09	-	0.92	0.05	18	-	-	15.3	4.9	0.6	0.1	20.9
20-40	7.5	6.1	0.11	1.5	0.72	0.04	18	-	-	15.3	4.6	0.5	0.2	20.6
40-60	7.5	6.0	0.14	1.3	0.51	0.04	13	-	-	14.3	4.2	0.6	0.2	19.3
60-80	7.5	5.7	0.08	1.3	0.41	0.04	10	-	-	14.8	4.2	0.6	1.2	20.8

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-20	107	19.6	56	3.2	-	-	1
20-40	106	19.4	57	2.5	-	-	1
40-60	108	17.8	57	1.8	-	-	1
60-80	117	17.8	58	1.4	-	-	7

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-20	-	-	-	-	-	0.76	-	-	-	-	-
20-40	-	-	-	-	-	0.73	-	-	-	-	-
40-60	-	-	-	-	-	0.68	-	-	-	-	-
60-80	-	-	-	-	-	0.68	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah1 0-20 cm	(10YR 2.5/2, dry) very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)clay,strong coarse prismatic parting to strong coarse angular blocky,very hard firm sticky plastic,broken thin clay and humus cutans on pedfaces,non calcareous,clear smooth boundary to,
Ah2 20-60 cm	(10YR 2.5/2, dry) very dark brown (10YR 2/2, moist)clay,strong coarse prismatic parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky,very hard firm sticky plastic,continuous thin clay and humus cutans on pedfaces,non calcareous,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw 60-100 cm	(7.5YR 3/3, dry) (7.5YR 3/3.5, moist)clay,moderate coarse prismatic,very hard firm sticky plastic,broken thin clay and humus cutans on pedfaces,non calcareous,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	alluvial deposits of unknown origin
Soil Depth	120cm
Texture of parent material	clayey
Weathering Resistance	moderate
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	not apparent
Intensity of the soil erosion type	moderate
Soil erosion type	gully

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	extensive grazing
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Open woodland with bushes and low shrubs; Thornbush Savanna
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	woodland

Altitude	1455m
Physiographic Unit	valley bottom
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	valley
Slope	0%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-120cm
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	irregular
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Namibia 07: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil NA007: Phaeozems

Classification