Reference soil Peru 21: Fluvisol

PE021

Fluvisols typically are young soils in alluvial, deltaic, lacustrine, or marine deposits, and occur all over the world.

Characteristics

Soils having fluvic soil material starting within 25 cm from the soil surface and continuing to a depth of at least 50 cm from the soil surface. They have no diagnostic horizons other than a histic, mollic, ochric, takyric, umbric, yermic, salic, or sulfuric horizon.

Distribution of Fluvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil PE021: Fluvisols

Short field description A very deep, well drained, dark brown loam to sandy loam. Soil profile located in a recent fluvial deposit (low terrace). Soil profile development is in its initial stage and the incipient structure is partly due to parent material.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Haplic- Fluvisol (Calcaric Sodic)

Sodi-Calcaric- Fluvisol

-	fluvic
-	calcaric

0-53 cm	ochric horizon
-	calcaric
-	fluvic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Sodi-Calcaric Fluvisol

Calcaric Fluvisol sodic

0-53 cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	fluvic
-	sodic

0-53 cm

ochric A horizon

Local classification:	Suelo Moquegua

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Typic Torrifluvent
USDA-SCS (1975)	Typic Torrifluvent aridic fine-loamy isomesic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-21	-	1.0	3.1	8.2	23.8	17.4	53.5	14.9	18.2	33.1	13.4
21-38	-	1.0	2.9	8.6	21.8	15.7	50.0	10.0	25.1	35.1	15.1
38-53	-	0.8	3.0	7.7	19.8	14.7	46.0	13.3	26.2	39.5	14.6
53-73	-	0.7	3.5	7.4	18.4	13.6	43.6	13.3	23.6	36.9	19.5
73-98	-	1.2	4.5	8.4	19.1	12.5	45.7	11.1	21.9	33.0	21.4
98-119	-	0.8	3.3	8.7	20.5	15.4	48.7	15.0	20.5	35.5	15.8
119-140	-	0.9	3.9	10.7	24.1	17.7	57.3	14.8	13.5	28.3	14.3
140-150	-	1.1	1.8	3.5	24.0	18.8	49.2	16.6	21.7	38.3	12.3

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-21	1.100	-	-	7.4	13.4
21-38	1.250	-	-	6.4	15.1
38-53	1.370	-	-	8.1	14.6
53-73	1.290	-	-	12.9	19.5
73-98	1.240	-	-	10.3	21.4
98-119	1.280	-	-	9.9	15.8
119-140	1.290	-	-	7.5	14.3
140-150	1.210	-	-	4.1	12.3

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-21	1.100	51.4	47.7	40.6	28.9	24.4	21.3	13.8	10.1
21-38	1.250	48.2	46.5	43.0	32.4	27.1	24.7	16.5	11.5
38-53	1.370	43.3	43.0	41.2	34.1	28.2	24.1	21.7	16.5
53-73	1.290	45.1	43.8	40.1	35.0	31.9	29.9	20.1	17.0
73-98	1.240	45.9	43.0	38.3	32.6	29.0	26.3	20.7	15.3
98-119	1.280	45.7	43.2	38.6	33.4	30.0	27.5	20.5	15.4
119-140	1.290	44.5	42.9	37.9	29.5	24.0	20.8	15.5	12.0
140-150	1.210	49.0	47.5	42.9	31.2	23.9	19.6	14.2	10.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-21	8.2	7.8	1.75	3.6	0.80	0.09	9	-	-	32.6	3.0	1.5	2.4	39.5
21-38	8.3	7.8	1.0	3.6	0.81	0.09	9	-	-	32.9	3.4	1.0	2.1	39.4
38-53	8.1	7.7	1.55	3.4	0.26	0.06	4	-	-	36.2	3.4	0.7	2.3	42.6
53-73	8.0	7.5	1.5	5.2	0.42	0.05	8	-	-	41.3	4.5	0.7	1.4	47.9
73-98	8.1	7.4	0.87	4.2	0.33	0.04	8	-	-	39.4	4.1	0.6	0.8	44.9
98-119	8.2	7.4	0.76	5.2	0.36	0.02	18	-	-	40.1	3.8	0.4	1.4	45.7
119-140	8.6	7.5	0.43	6.0	0.19	-	-	-	-	37.4	3.4	0.4	1.4	42.6
140-150	8.7	7.6	0.4	5.6	0.12	-	-	-	-	38.2	3.4	0.3	1.4	43.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-21	-	14.5	108	2.8	-	-	17
21-38	232	17.0	113	2.8	-	-	12
38-53	255	16.7	114	0.9	-	-	14
53-73	175	27.3	140	1.5	-	-	5
73-98	160	28.0	131	1.2	-	-	3
98-119	143	32.0	203	1.3	-	-	4
119-140	163	26.2	183	0.7	-	-	5
140-150	195	22.2	180	0.4	-	-	6

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-21	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	weak	-	-
21-38	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	weak	-	-
38-53	-	medium to strong	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	weak to medium	very strong	weak	-	-
53-73	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	very strong	weak	-	-
73-98	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	very strong	weak	-	-
98-119	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak	very weak to weak	very strong	weak	-	-
119-140	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak	very weak	very strong	weak	-	-
140-150	-	weak	-	-	-	-	weak	very weak	very strong	weak	-	-

Profile description

Ap 0-21 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)sandy loam,weak very fine granular,very friable,few worm channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Ah 21-38 cm	(dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)sandy loam,weak very fine granular,friable,few worm channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
AC 38-53 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)loam,weak very fine granular,friable,few worm channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
CA 53-73 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)loam,weak very fine granular,friable,few worm channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
C1 73-98 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)loam,weak very fine subangular blocky,friable,few worm channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
C2 98-119 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)sandy loam,weak fine subangular blocky,very friable,gradual smooth boundary to,
C3 119-140 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, moist)sandy loam,weakly coherent massive,friable,clear smooth boundary to,
C4 140-150 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)loamy sand,weakly coherent massive,very friable,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sediment, unconsolidated
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Soil Depth	150cm
Texture of parent material	loamy
Weathering Resistance	moderate

Occurrence of soil aggradation (McDonald et al., 1984)	absent
Slope stability	stable

Major crops	fruit crops
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	levelling
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	continuously irrigated
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	high level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: LANDUSE: Apple trees

Altitude	1430m
Physiographic Unit	low river terrace
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	alluvial terrace
Slope	2%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-150cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	medium

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Micro relief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site (FAO, 1986)	level
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Peru 21: Fluvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil PE021: Fluvisols

Classification