Reference soil China 24: Anthrosol

CN024

Anthrosols occur over large areas in the Far East where growing of paddy rice takes place for centuries, in the Middle East where prolonged irrigation has been practised, and over small areas in western Europe and other parts of the world where long-time fertilization and earth-manuring have profoundly modified existing soils

Characteristics

Soils having either a hortic, irragric, plaggic or terric horizon 50 cm or more thick, or an anthraquic horizon and an underlying hydragric horizon with a combined thickness of 50 cm or more.

Distribution of Anthrosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CN024: Anthrosols

PROFILE DESCRIPTION : Deep, moderately well drained, yellowish brown loam derived from sandstone. Weathered sandstone is found at a depth of 2 meter. PARENT MATERIAL: the soil is derived from sandstone. The parent material is produced mainly by in situ weathering with some colluvial additions. / LAND USE: valley and lower hill slopes are already cultivated for centuries. The middle slopes are terraced and brought under cultivation since the construction of large reservoirs in the area (about 1950 till present). / GENERAL SOIL INFORMATION: CN024 forms the middle catena ember and is related to CN023 which is located on top of the interfluve at a distance of about 100 to 150 meter. Both soils are located in a so-called 'Red Basin' (intermontane basins with reddish coloured soils). At Yingtan the width of the basin is about 30km.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Gleyic-Hydragric- Anthrosol (Endodystric)

Gleyi-Hydragric- Anthrosol (Luvic)

0-18 cm	anthraquic horizon
18-70 cm	hydragric horizon
30-110 cm	argic horizon
-	gleyic colour pattern
-	reducing conditions

0-18 cm	anthraquic horizon
18-70 cm	hydragric horizon
30-110 cm	argic horizon
-	gleyic

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Ferric Alisol anthraquic

Ferric Acrisol phreatic

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
30-110 cm	argic B horizon
- cm	argic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	ferric

0-30 cm	ochric A horizon
30-110 cm	argillic B horizon
-	hydromorphic

Local classification:	Hydragric paddy soil; Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol
Common name:	Paddy soil, loamy colluvium

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Anthraquic Hapludalf
USDA-SCS (1975)	Anthraquic Hapludalf udic fine mixed thermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-18	-	0.1	3.4	9.1	24.3	27.9	64.8	7.6	15.2	22.8	12.6
18-30	-	0.0	2.5	7.2	20.8	13.8	44.3	6.9	19.8	26.7	28.9
30-70	-	0.1	1.6	5.1	13.0	8.5	28.3	6.8	25.8	32.6	39.0
70-110	-	0.1	2.4	7.3	14.5	13.6	37.9	6.8	23.2	30.0	32.0
110-140	-	0.3	2.8	11.0	26.0	23.4	62.7	5.1	13.1	20.5	18.2
140-170	-	0.3	3.0	9.5	24.9	24.9	62.6	5.2	9.0	14.2	23.1
170-200	-	0.2	2.3	11.6	34.1	14.3	62.5	5.4	8.3	13.7	23.9
200-240	-	0.0	1.0	12.8	38.0	21.2	73	5.8	11.8	17.6	9.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-18	-	-	-	-	12.6
5-10	1.446	-	-	-	-
18-30	-	-	-	-	28.9
50-55	1.412	-	-	-	-
30-70	-	-	-	-	39.0
100-105	1.432	-	-	-	-
70-110	-	-	-	-	32.0
110-140	-	-	-	-	18.2
140-170	-	-	-	-	23.1
170-200	-	-	-	-	23.9
200-240	-	-	-	-	9.4

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	1.446	38.9	37.8	34.5	27.6	24.1	20.8	16.5	12.9
50-55	1.412	45.0	44.2	42.1	40.0	38.9	37.7	28.8	27.5
100-105	1.432	44.1	43.1	41.5	39.5	38.3	37.1	29.4	25.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-18	4.8	4.1	0.04	-	0.61	0.07	9	1.0	0.9	2.6	0.7	0.1	0.0	3.4
18-30	5.1	4.3	0.03	-	0.27	0.05	5	0.5	0.2	4.7	1.0	0.1	0.1	5.9
30-70	5.4	4.5	0.02	-	0.22	0.05	4	0.2	0	5.6	1.0	0.1	0.1	6.8
70-110	4.6	4.0	0.03	-	0.11	0.03	4	2.9	2.7	2.4	0.3	0.1	0.0	2.8
110-140	4.7	4.0	0.02	-	0.00	0.01	0	1.6	1.4	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.3	1.5
140-170	4.8	3.9	0.02	-	0.02	0.02	1	2.2	2.0	3.4	0.7	0.1	0.0	4.2
170-200	4.8	3.9	0.03	-	0.04	0.01	4	3.1	3.0	5.3	0.7	0.1	0.1	6.2
200-240	4.8	3.9	0.03	-	0.00	0	-	3.9	3.4	6.1	1.0	0.1	0.1	7.3

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-18	85	4.0	32	2.1	-	23	0
18-30	81	7.3	25	0.9	-	3	1
30-70	72	9.5	24	0.8	-	0	1
70-110	39	7.1	22	0.4	-	38	0
110-140	29	5.1	30	0.0	-	27	0
140-170	60	7.0	30	0.1	-	29	0
170-200	63	9.8	41	0.1	-	31	1
200-240	64	11.4	121	0.0	-	30	1

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-18	-	-	-	-	-	0.60	0.10	-	-	-	-
18-30	-	-	-	-	-	1.60	0.40	-	-	-	-
30-70	-	-	-	-	-	1.60	0.50	-	-	-	-
70-110	-	-	-	-	-	1.50	0.40	-	-	-	-
110-140	-	-	-	-	-	0.80	0.20	-	-	-	-
140-170	-	-	-	-	-	1.90	0.30	-	-	-	-
170-200	-	-	-	-	-	1.80	0.30	-	-	-	-
200-240	-	-	-	-	-	0.10	0.10	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-18	-	20.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
18-30	-	0.3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
30-70	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
70-110	-	0.3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
110-140	-	3.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
140-170	-	6.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
170-200	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
200-240	-	0.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-18	weak	-	-	very weak	-	-	medium to strong	very weak	weak	weak	weak	-
18-30	weak	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	weak	weak	weak	weak	-
30-70	weak	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	weak	weak	weak	weak	-
70-110	weak	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	weak	weak	weak	weak	-
110-140	weak	-	-	weak	-	-	medium to strong	weak	weak	weak	weak	-
140-170	weak	-	-	medium to strong	-	-	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	weak	weak	-
170-200	weak	-	-	medium to strong	-	-	weak	weak	medium to strong	weak	medium to strong	-
200-240	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	very weak	medium to strong	very weak	medium to strong	-

Profile description

Ap 0-18 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)loam,weakly coherent porous massive,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common fine distinct mottles (7.5YR 5/8),abrupt wavy boundary to,
18-30 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6, moist)loam,weakly coherent porous massive,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine distinct mottles (7.5YR 5/8),gradual smooth boundary to,
B 30-70 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, moist)loam,weakly coherent porous massive to weak medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many medium distinct mottles (7.5YR 4/6),gradual smooth boundary to,
Bg1 70-110 cm	light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4, moist)loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many coarse prominent mottles (10YR 5/6),gradual smooth boundary to,
Bg2 110-140 cm	very pale brown (10YR 7/3, moist)sandy loam,weakly coherent porous massive,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many coarse prominent mottles (10YR 5/8),
Bg3 140-200 cm	white (10YR 8/2, moist)loamy sand,many medium prominent mottles (10YR 6/8),abrupt smooth boundary to,
C/R 200-210 cm	Description sandsandstone fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sandstone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	residual with some colluvial addition
Soil Depth	140cm
Texture of parent material	loamy

Major crops	rice
Main type of irrigation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	paddy
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Terraced paddy field; valley and lower hill slopes are already cultivated for centuries. The middle slopes are terraced and brought under cultivation since the construction of large reservoirs in the

Altitude	40m
Physiographic Unit	low, broad, smooth interfluve
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plain
Slope	5%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	imperfect
Dry From - To	0-10cm
(Estimated) maximum (lower) depth to groundwater table	200cm
Depth to groundwater table	160cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	groundwater table observed
(Estimated) minimum (upper) depth to groundwater table	0cm
Moist From - To	10-140cm
Estimated run off (class)	ponded
Drainage class - intergrade; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	moderately well
Wet From To	140-210cm

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	surface slaked; sorted sand/silt, some clay films
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil China 24: Anthrosol

Characteristics

Reference soil CN024: Anthrosols

Classification