Reference soil Colombia 16: Ferralsol

CO016

Ferralsols occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly on old and stable land surfaces.

Characteristics

Soils having a ferralic horizon (strongly weathered horizon with low-activity clays and very low amounts of weatherable minerals) between 25 and 200 cm from the soil surface. They lack a nitic horizon (a horizon with strongly developed, nut-shaped structure) and do not have a layer which fulfils the requirements of an argic horizon and which has, in the upper 30 cm, 10 percent or more water-dispersible clay.

Distribution of Ferralsols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil CO016: Ferralsols

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: Ah - also many coarse roots; AB - also many coarse roots; Bw1 - also common coarse roots; Bw2 - rock fragments: 10R2.5/1 and 10R 2.5/2; C - colours: also 2.5YR 4/8 and 10YR 7/6; R - hard sedimentary rock, in places slightly weathered.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Acric- Ferralsol (Alumic Siltic)

Alumi-Acric- Ferralsol

5-120 cm

ferralic horizon

0-25 cm	ochric horizon
5-120 cm	ferralic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Alumi-Ferralic Cambisol

Orthic Ferralsol

0-25 cm	ochric A horizon
5-120 cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	cambic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon
-	ferralic

0-25 cm	ochric A horizon
5-120 cm	oxic B horizon
-	ferralic

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Dystropept udic loamy kaolinitic isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-5	-	2.9	1.6	2.7	17.5	12.4	37.1	33.5	13.4	46.9	16.1
5-25	-	4.9	1.2	1.6	12.4	11.1	31.2	35.6	13.4	49.0	19.8
25-37	-	7.2	1.7	1.6	11.0	10.5	32.0	35.4	11.5	46.9	21.2
37-65	-	5.8	1.0	1.3	10.4	11.0	29.5	28.9	13.8	42.7	27.8
65-87	-	1.4	0.8	0.9	6.4	8.0	17.5	35.0	14.8	49.8	32.7
87-108	-	0.9	0.6	0.8	7.4	7.4	17.1	28.5	18.8	47.3	35.6
108-120	-	0.4	0.3	0.7	7.6	7.0	16.0	26.8	23.3	50.1	34.0
120-170	-	0.4	0.4	0.5	14.2	11.6	27.1	10.2	17.5	27.7	45.4

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-5	1.110	-	-	2.4	16.1
5-25	1.250	-	-	3.1	19.8
25-37	1.210	-	-	4.8	21.2
37-65	-	-	-	6.5	27.8
65-87	-	-	-	1.5	32.7
87-108	-	-	-	0.0	35.6
108-120	-	-	-	1.1	34.0
120-170	-	-	-	0.5	45.4

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-5	1.110	54.2	51.9	46.1	40.2	36.4	31.2	11.7	11.7
5-25	1.250	48.7	46.3	40.5	34.5	29.7	25.7	10.4	10.3
25-37	1.210	50.1	47.8	39.3	33.4	29.4	26.0	9.8	9.5

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-5	6.0	5.2	0.09	-	4.37	0.08	55	0.2	0	7.5	2.2	0.5	0.3	10.5
5-25	4.4	4.0	0.11	-	0.99	0.41	2	2.2	2.0	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.1	1.0
25-37	4.7	4.0	0.07	-	0.60	0.50	1	1.9	1.6	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4
37-65	5.1	4.0	0.03	-	0.38	0.05	8	2.0	1.8	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.3
65-87	4.8	4.0	0.02	-	0.29	-	-	2.6	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2
87-108	4.8	4.0	0.17	-	0.23	-	-	3.3	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1
108-120	4.4	3.9	0.10	-	0.17	-	-	4.1	3.8	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2
120-170	4.8	3.9	0.03	-	0.04	-	-	7.1	6.7	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.2

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-5	58	18.0	112	15.3	-	0	2
5-25	16	6.1	31	3.5	-	33	2
25-37	8	5.1	24	2.1	-	31	0
37-65	6	5.1	18	1.3	-	35	0
65-87	4	5.6	17	1.0	-	39	2
87-108	2	5.6	16	0.8	-	52	0
108-120	4	5.6	16	0.6	-	68	0
120-170	2	9.0	20	0.1	-	74	0

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-5	0	-	-	0.00	0.00	2.00	0.30	-	0	-	0.30
5-25	-	0	-	0.10	0.00	2.60	0.00	-	-	-	0.00
25-37	0	-	-	0.10	0.00	4.00	0.40	-	0	-	0.10
37-65	-	0	-	0.10	0.00	3.90	0.10	-	-	-	0.00
65-87	0	-	-	0.10	0.00	3.00	0.50	-	0	-	0.10
87-108	-	0	-	0.10	0.00	3.30	0.10	-	-	-	0.00
108-120	0	-	-	0.10	0.00	2.00	0.30	-	0	-	0.00
120-170	-	0	-	0.20	0.00	3.40	0.10	-	-	-	0.00

Profile description

Ah 0-5 cm	reddish grey (5YR 5/2, moist)sandy loam,weak fine crumb,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,common fine coarse pores,clear smooth boundary to,
5-25 cm	yellowish red (5YR 4/6, moist)loam,weak fine subangular blocky,friable sticky slightly plastic,common fine coarse pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw1 25-37 cm	(5YR 4/8, moist)loam,weak fine subangular blocky to porous massive,friable sticky slightly plastic,common fine coarse pores,few fine gravel charcoal fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw2 37-65 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)loam gravelly,porous massive and single grain,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,frequent medium gravel rock frequent coarse gravel rock fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw3 65-87 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)sandy clay loam,weak fine angular blocky,friable sticky plastic,common fine medium pores and few pores,clear smooth boundary to,
87-108 cm	red (2.5YR 5/6, moist)clay,weak fine angular blocky,friable slightly sticky plastic,common fine distinct clear mottles (10 YR 7/6),common fine pores and common pores,clear smooth boundary to,
C 108-120 cm	reddish brown (5YR 5/4, moist)sandy clay,massive,very hard firm sticky plastic,many mottles (5YR 5/6) and many mottles (7.5YR 5/8),few fine gravel weathered rock fragments,
C 108-120 cm	rock structure

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	sedimentary rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	unconsolidated, unspecified
Remarks on Parent Materials	Plio-Pleistocene
Texture of parent material	clayey

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	(semi-)natural vegetation
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Bosque humido tropical LANDUSE:
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen woodland

Altitude	250m
Physiographic Unit	partly dissected, sedimentary
Physiographic position of the site	upper slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	peneplain
Slope	3%
Slope Aspect	south
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-170cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Estimated run off (class)	very slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil Colombia 16: Ferralsol

Characteristics

Reference soil CO016: Ferralsols

Classification