Reference soil Thailand 10: Plinthosol

TH010

Plinthosols occur mainly in the moist tropical regions in low-lying positions where iron from the soil and adjacent uplands is accumulating.

Characteristics

Soils having either a petroplinthic horizon within 50 cm from the soil surface, or a plinthic horizon which either starts within 50 cm from the soil surface, or within 100 cm from the soil surface if it underlies an albic horizon or a horizon with stagnic properties.

Distribution of Plinthosols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH010: Plinthosols

LOCATION: 100 meter West of the Liap Noen and Praya Trang road crossing. CLIMATE: Data source is Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: 2B23 - "Stone line", consisting of laterite gravel and angular quartz fragments, the latter derived from quartz veins in the shale. 2B3 - horizon of soft plinthite. 2C - Weathering shale. REFERENCES: - Dent, F.J.; Moncharoen, Lek.: Report on the Soil Survey of the Mers Study Area; No. 6, Chantaburi. Report SSR-46, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1966. - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand. Report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on Soils Temperature Regimes in Thailand. Report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. -- Rojanasoonthon, S.: Interim Reports on the Great Group Soil Survey, II: Chanthaburri Study Area. Report SSR-38, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Babgkok 1965. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R: No.48 Final Report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division. Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966.

Classification

WRB 2014

Plinthosol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Plinthic Ferralsol

- cm	ferralic B horizon
- cm	ochric A horizon

- cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	oxic B horizon
-	lithic contact
-	plinthite

Local classification:	Trat ser.,redd-br.laterit.soil

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Plinthic Haplustox
USDA-SCS (1975)	Plinthic Haplustox ustic clayey kaolinitic isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-6	-	0	0	0	8.3	8.3	16.6	11.8	13.1	24.9	58.5
7-29	-	0	0	0	7.8	5.7	13.5	9	12	21	65.5
30-70	-	0	0	0	6.2	3.7	9.9	7.4	11.8	19.2	70.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-6	-	-	-	20.5	58.5
7-29	-	-	-	2.4	65.5
30-70	-	-	-	1	70.9

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-6	5.0	4.6	0.46	-	3.16	0.26	12	0.6	0.2	2.5	0.7	0.2	0.0	3.4
7-29	4.9	4.3	0.07	-	1.18	0.10	12	1.0	0.7	1.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	1.2
30-70	5.2	4.4	0.02	-	0.54	0.05	11	0.9	0.7	3.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	3.7

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-6	22	15.5	26	11.1	-	1	-
7-29	15	8	12	4.1	-	9	-
30-70	46	8	11	1.9	-	9	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-6	-	-	-	-	-	5.6	0.7	-	-	-	-
7-29	-	-	-	-	-	6.1	0.6	-	-	-	-
30-70	-	-	-	-	-	7.4	0.7	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-6	18.6	0.1	12.2	0.06	0	-	52.7	1.65
7-29	21.9	0	15.5	0.06	0	-	48.7	1.89
30-70	23.6	0	15.9	0.05	0	-	45.9	2.02

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-6	2.4	14.8	0.15	0.06	4.8	11.5	3.4
7-29	2.2	12.1	0.14	0.05	3.8	8.4	2.6
30-70	2.3	11.7	0.10	0.03	3.3	7.7	2.3

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-6	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	-
7-29	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	-	weak to medium	very weak	-	-
30-70	-	-	-	weak to medium	-	-	strong	-	weak to medium	very weak to weak	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-7 cm	reddish brown (5YR 4/4, moist)clay,moderate fine crumb and moderate medium crumb,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine tubular pores and many interstitial pores,few fine gravel rock fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
Bw1 7-29 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,moderately thick pressure cutans,few very fine tubular pores and common interstitial pores,few fine gravel rock fragments,few termite channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw2 29-78 cm	yellowish red (5YR 5/6, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky,friable sticky plastic,moderately thick pressure cutans,common very fine interstitial pores and common interstitial pores,few fine gravel rock fragments,abrupt smooth boundary to,
2Bw3 78-88 cm	very frequent laterite gravel very frequent angular quartz fragmentsabrupt boundary to,
2BC 88-200 cm	many mottlesfrequent shale fragments,
2BC 88-200 cm	dominant shale fragments

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	non calcareous shale
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Texture of parent material (second entry)	clayey
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Major crops	rubber
Land improvements ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	land clearing
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	original vegetation: Dipterocarp forest
Rotation scheme ; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	crop with current fallow
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	degraded
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	grassland

Altitude	10m
Physiographic Unit	near the edge of a low plateau
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	10%
Slope Aspect	east
Form of the slope surrounding the site	undulating
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-200cm

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Reference soil Thailand 10: Plinthosol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH010: Plinthosols

Classification