Reference soil Thailand 11: Cambisol

TH011

Cambisols occur mainly in the temperate and boreal regions of the world, where the soil’s parent material is still young or where low temperatures slow down the processes of soil formation.

Characteristics

Soils having either a cambic horizon (a horizon showing evidence of alteration with respect to the underlying material), or a mollic horizon overlying a subsoil, which has a base saturation of less than 50 percent in some part within 100 cm from the soil surface, or one of the following diagnostic horizons within the specified depth: an andic, vertic, or vitric horizon starting between 25 and 100 cm; a (petro-)plinthic or salic horizon starting between 50 and 100 cm, in absence of loamy sand or coarser textures above these horizons.

Distribution of Cambisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil TH011: Cambisols

CLIMATE: Tropical savanna climate. 85% of the total annual rainfall falls in the period May-October. Data source: Agroclimatological data Asia 2, FAO. Rome 1987. REFERENCES: - Kawaguchi, K.; Kyuma, K.: Lowland rice soils in Thailand; reports on research in Southeast Asia, Natural Science Series. Tokyo 1969. - Moormann, F.R.; Rojanasoonthon, S.: Soils of Thailand; report SSR-72, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1968. - Rice, O.W.: Notes on soils temperature regimes in Thailand; report SSR-79, Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok 1969. - Rojanasoonthon, S.; Moormann, F.R.: No.48 Final report on the Great Soil Group Survey of seven selected areas in Thailand; Soil Survey Division, Kingdom of Thailand. Bangkok June 1966.

Classification

WRB 2014

Cambisol

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Ferralic Cambisol

- cm	cambic B horizon

- cm	cambic B horizon
-	ferralic

Local classification:	Si Racha series

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Eutrustox ustic medial mixed isohyperthermic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-22	-	0	0	0	13.6	45	58.6	18.6	7	25.6	15.8
22-39	-	0	0	0	12.4	44.8	57.2	18.9	7.3	26.2	16.6
39-85	-	0	0	0	13.4	40.4	53.8	17.4	6.1	23.5	22.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-22	-	-	-	4.8	15.8
22-39	-	-	-	3.9	16.6
39-85	-	-	-	4.6	22.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-22	7.8	7.2	0.4	-	1.36	0.12	11	-	-	10.0	0.7	0.2	0.0	10.9
22-39	7.8	7.3	0.29	-	0.59	0.06	10	-	-	5.8	0.6	0.2	0.0	6.6
39-85	7.7	6.9	0.28	-	0.15	0.03	5	-	-	2.6	0.5	0.3	0.0	3.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-22	95	11.5	73	4.8	-	-	-
22-39	86	7.7	46	2.1	-	-	-
39-85	79	4.3	19	0.5	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-22	-	-	-	-	-	1.8	0.1	-	-	-	-
22-39	-	-	-	-	-	1.9	0.1	-	-	-	-
39-85	-	-	-	-	-	2.2	0.1	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
0-22	5.7	1.26	2.5	0.33	0.13	-	86.1	0.31
22-39	5.9	0.35	2.6	0.33	0.14	-	87.1	0.33
39-85	7.4	0.15	3.1	0.36	0.18	-	84.3	0.36

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
0-22	3.6	5.1	0.13	0.10	25.6	91.7	20
22-39	3.6	3.5	0.15	0.07	25.1	89.2	19.6
39-85	3.7	3.3	0.06	0.04	19.3	72.4	15.3

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-22	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-	-
22-39	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-	-
39-85	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-	-	strong	-	-	weak to medium	-	-

Sand mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Heavy Frac. sand % w/w	K-Feldspar % w/w	Light Fra. sand % w/w	Opaque % w/w	Plagioclase % w/w	Quartz % w/w
0-22	0.1	-	99.9	24	-	100
22-39	0.1	-	99.9	17	1	99
39-85	0.2	-	99.8	24	-	100

Minerals

Depth (cm)	Anatase % w/w	Andalusite % w/w	Apatite % w/w	Augite % w/w	Biotite % w/w	Hornblende (basaltic) % w/w
0-22	4	7	-	-	-	-
22-39	4	12	-	-	-	1
39-85	6	7	-	-	-	1

Depth (cm)	Grenate % w/w	Grossular % w/w	Muscovite % w/w	Rutile % w/w	Sillimanite % w/w	Spinel % w/w
22-39	1	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description

Ah 0-22 cm	(2.5YR 2/4, moist)sandy clay loam,weak to moderate fine crumb and weak to moderate medium crumb,very friable non sticky non plastic,few fine tubular pores and many fine interstitial pores,few fine gravel charcoal fragments,clear smooth boundary to,
22-39 cm	dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, moist)sandy clay,weak fine subangular blocky and weak medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine tubular pores and many fine interstitial pores,clear smooth boundary to,
B 39-85 cm	dark red (2.5YR 3/6, dry) dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4, moist)sandy clay,weak fine subangular blocky,hard very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,few fine tubular pores and many fine interstitial pores,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	fluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	old marine alluvium
Texture of parent material (second entry)	sandy clay
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	highly

Major crops	fruit crops
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	fallow
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	mango, also cassave. ground cover: grass
Status of vegetation; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	secondary
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	evergreen woodland

Altitude	15m
Physiographic Unit	old coastal terrace
Physiographic position of the site	slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	marine terrace
Slope	2%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	excessive
Dry From - To	40-85cm
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-40cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	high

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Reference soil Thailand 11: Cambisol

Characteristics

Reference soil TH011: Cambisols

Classification