Reference soil France 06: Luvisol

FR006

Luvisols occur mainly in temperate regions, particularly in areas with a Mediterranean-type of climate.

Characteristics

Soils having an argic horizon (a subsurface horizon with a distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon) with a cation exchange capacity equal to or more than 24 cmolc per kg clay throughout.

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil FR006: Luvisols

VEGETATION AND LAND USE: Herbs and grasses: - coverage 100% - species: Viola odorata, Anemone Nemorosa. human influence: - nil. BRIEF CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOIL: Brown, well drained clay soil with high animal activity and strongly developed sub-angular structure. Solid oolite limestone occurs at relative shallow depth and fragments of this rock can be observed throughout the soil. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PROFILE DESCRIPTION: O - high worm activity. - leaves: mainly beech. Ah - high worm and insect activity. Bw - high worm activity. 2Bt - high worm activity. - cutans kind: ferri-argillans. 2BC - cutans kind: ferri-argillans.

Classification

WRB 2006

WRB 1998

Leptic-Cutanic- Luvisol (Ruptic Humic Siltic)

Cutani-Endoleptic- Luvisol

21-39 cm	argic horizon
-	calcaric
-	lithological discontinuity

-	continuous hard rock

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Orthi-Haplic Luvisol

Orthic Luvisol

21-39 cm

argic B horizon

1-9 cm	ochric A horizon
- cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Sol brun calcique

Other classification

USDA-SCS (1975)

Hapludalf

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.3	24.4	37.1	61.5	35.2
10-18	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.4	30.0	33.4	63.4	33.2
18-26	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.2	24.3	31.4	55.7	41.1
40-66	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.3	22.1	32.9	55.0	42.7

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-10	-	-	-	-	35.2
10-18	-	-	-	-	33.2
18-26	-	-	-	-	41.1
40-66	-	-	-	-	42.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-10	6.9	6.2	-	0.5	3.35	0.38	9	-	-	20.7	0.7	0.4	0.1	21.9
10-18	6.1	4.7	-	0.0	-	-	-	-	-	15.0	0.4	0.3	0.0	15.7
18-26	6.2	4.9	-	0.0	1.44	0.12	12	-	-	19.6	0.3	0.3	0.0	20.2
26-40	8.1	7.0	-	8.9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
40-66	8.2	7.3	-	24.5	-	-	-	-	-	26.3	0.1	0.3	0.0	26.7

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-10	61	36.0	102	11.7	-	-	0
10-18	62	25.5	77	-	-	-	0
18-26	68	29.7	72	5.0	-	-	0
40-66	103	26.0	61	-	-	-	0

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-10	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
10-18	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
18-26	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
26-40	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
40-66	0.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Elemental composition of the clay

Depth (cm)	SiO2 % w/w	Al2O3 % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	MgO % w/w	K2O % w/w	Na2O % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
10-18	46.1	24.5	13.3	0.30	1.90	2.30	-	1.00
18-26	46.3	24.9	13.5	0.20	2.00	2.20	-	0.90
26-40	46.4	24.8	13.1	0.20	2.20	2.50	-	0.80
40-66	47.0	24.1	12.7	0.10	2.40	2.70	-	0.80

Depth (cm)	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	Ign.Loss clay % w/w	Total Clay % w/w	SiO2/Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol
10-18	0.20	0.40	9.2	99.2	3.2	9.2	2.4	2.9
18-26	0.10	0.30	9.1	99.5	3.1	9.1	2.3	2.9
26-40	0.10	0.40	8.8	99.3	3.2	9.4	2.4	3.0
40-66	0.10	0.50	8.9	99.3	3.3	9.9	2.5	3.0

Elemental composition of the soil

Depth (cm)	Al2O3 % w/w	CaO % w/w	Fe2O3 % w/w	K2O % w/w	MgO % w/w	Na2O % w/w	SiO2 % w/w	TiO2 % w/w
10-18	17.2	0.76	5.8	1.97	5.77	-	69.6	0.99
18-26	12.0	0.95	6.3	1.99	6.27	-	64.8	0.92
26-40	12.8	9.25	5.9	1.88	5.89	-	55.3	0.76
40-66	12.3	15.59	4.8	1.69	4.78	-	47.4	0.63

Depth (cm)	Al2O3/Fe2O3 mol/mol	LOI % w/w	MnO2 % w/w	P2O5 % w/w	SiO2 / Al2O3 mol/mol	SiO2/Fe2O3 mol/mol	SiO2 / R mol/mol
10-18	4.7	7.8	0.16	0.12	6.9	31.9	5.7
18-26	3.0	8.1	0.14	0.12	9.2	27.4	6.9
26-40	3.4	13.0	0.12	0.14	7.3	25.0	5.7
40-66	4.0	17.2	0.08	0.15	6.5	26.3	5.2

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
10-18	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	medium to strong	-	-	-	strong
18-26	-	-	-	-	-	-	weak	-	-	-	very strong	weak
26-40	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	weak	-	-	medium to strong	medium to strong
40-66	-	-	-	-	-	-	medium to strong	-	-	weak	medium to strong	medium to strong

Profile description

leaves

Ah 1-9 cm	dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4, moist)silty clay loam organic highly,strong very fine subangular blocky and crumb,hard very friable sticky plastic,no fragments,clear irregular boundary to,
B 9-21 cm	strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, moist)silty clay loam,strong fine subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,many fine pores,no fragments,frequent pedotubules,clear irregular boundary to,
2Bt 21-34 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay gravelly,strong very fine subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,continuous cutans,many pores,abrupt irregular boundary to,
2BC 34-51 cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)silty clay very stony,strong fine subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,patchy cutans,frequent medium gravel limestone fragments,diffuse irregular boundary to,
2C 51- cm	(dark) brown (7.5YR 4/4, moist)stones,clay on rock fragments cutans,oolitic limest. fragments,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	limestone
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	colluvial
Remarks on Parent Materials	oölitic limestone
Texture of parent material	clayey
Weathering Resistance	poor
General characterization of the status of weathering of solid rock	partially or moderately

Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	natural forest and woodland
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	VEGETATION: Beech with Fagus silvatica; coverage is about 25%. Spring groundcover of Anemone nemorosa and Viola odorata
Major vegetation type; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	deciduous forest

Altitude	400m
Physiographic Unit	dissected plateau
Physiographic position of the site	flat
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	1%
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	undulating

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-100cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	slow

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Microrelief pattern	none
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline

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Reference soil France 06: Luvisol

Characteristics

Reference soil FR006: Luvisols

Classification