Reference soil Indonesia 37: Phaeozem

ID037

Phaeozems occur all over the world, but especially on the more moist side of the steppe regions, bordering Chernozems.

Characteristics

Soils having a mollic horizon (deep, brownish or blackish surface horizon with a significant accumulation of organic matter and high base saturation); a base saturation of 50 percent or more between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; a calcium carbonate-free soil matrix at least to a depth of 100 cm from the soil surface, or to a contrasting layer between 25 and 100 cm; no diagnostic horizons other than an albic, argic, cambic or vertic horizon, or a petrocalcic horizon in the substratum.

Distribution of Phaeozems (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil ID037: Phaeozems

Subangular to angular blocky structure with shiny pedfaces.

Classification

WRB 2006

Luvic- Phaeozem (Pachic Clayic)

0-70 cm	mollic horizon
30-150 cm	argic horizon

0-70 cm	mollic horizon
30-150 cm	argic horizon

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Niti-Luvic Phaeozem

Luvic Phaeozem

0-70 cm	mollic A horizon
30-150 cm	argic B horizon
-	nitic

0-70 cm	mollic A horizon
30-150 cm	argillic B horizon

Local classification:	Mediteran

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Pachic Argiudoll
USDA-SCS (1975)	Pachic Paleudalf udic very fine mixed isohyperthermic

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Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-30	-	0.7	1.6	3.9	6.7	4.4	17.3	8.7	19.2	27.9	54.8
30-70	-	0.3	1.0	2.1	4.0	2.6	10	6.0	16.6	22.6	67.4
70-127	-	0.4	0.7	1.7	3.5	2.9	9.2	7.2	20.2	27.4	63.2
127-150	-	0.5	1.0	2.0	4.2	3.7	11.4	9.5	26.7	36.2	52.3
160-280	-	0.2	1.5	5.7	20.5	10.4	38.3	11.7	23.5	35.2	26.5

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
5-10	1.07	-	-	-	-
0-30	1.070	-	-	25.4	54.8
40-45	0.78	-	-	-	-
30-70	0.780	-	-	9.8	67.4
100-105	0.85	-	-	-	-
70-127	0.850	-	-	3.3	63.2
127-150	-	-	-	5.2	52.3
160-280	-	-	-	2.3	26.5

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
5-10	1.07	59.1	58.8	56.6	52.6	50.6	48.5	36.4	34.3
0-30	1.070	59.1	58.8	56.6	52.6	50.6	48.5	36.4	34.3
40-45	0.78	65.1	65	55	51.5	50.3	49.1	33.4	31.5
30-70	0.780	65.1	65.0	55.0	51.5	50.3	49.1	33.4	31.5
100-105	0.85	65	64.9	60.4	57.5	56.5	55.3	38.4	36.3
70-127	0.850	65.0	64.9	60.4	57.5	56.5	55.3	38.4	36.3

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-30	5.7	4.3	0.06	-	1.68	0.21	8	0.8	0.2	7.6	2.8	0.5	0.4	11.3
30-70	5.6	4.0	0.03	-	0.71	0.10	7	2.1	1.5	5.3	3.4	1.7	0.5	10.9
70-127	5.9	4.4	0.03	-	0.37	0.05	7	1.0	0.3	7.9	3.0	1.3	0.6	12.8
127-150	6.2	4.8	0.02	-	0.18	0.04	5	0.5	0	8.5	2.7	0.2	0.9	12.3
160-280	6.4	5.2	0.03	-	0.25	0.04	6	-	-	9.7	2.7	0.1	1.1	13.6

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-30	53	21.3	39	5.9	-	1	2
30-70	53	20.4	30	2.5	-	7	2
70-127	62	20.5	32	1.3	-	1	3
127-150	66	18.6	36	0.6	-	0	5
160-280	67	20.2	76	0.9	-	-	5

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-30	8.4	55	-	0.50	0.20	4.20	0.50	0.30	0.10	-	1.30
30-70	8.6	66	-	0.50	0.20	5.00	0.50	0.20	0.10	-	1.30
70-127	9.1	72	-	0.60	0.40	5.00	0.60	0.10	0.10	-	1.60
127-150	9.2	71	-	0.70	0.50	4.60	0.70	0.10	0.10	-	1.30
160-280	9.3	85	-	1.50	1.00	4.40	1.20	0.10	0.21	-	1.30

Profile description

Ah 0-30 cm	very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2, moist)clay,moderate fine subangular blocky and weak fine crumb,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine medium pores,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw1 30-70 cm	dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,broken distinct unspecified on pedfaces cutans,many fine tubular random pores and common tubular random pores,frequent termite channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw2 70-127 cm	(7.5YR 3/3, moist)clay,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,continuous moderately thick unspecified on pedfaces cutans,many very fine fine tubular random pores and few tubular random pores,few medium gravel fresh andesite few medium gravel weathered fragments,frequent termite channels,gradual smooth boundary to,
Bw3 127-160 cm	(7.5YR 3.5/4, moist)clay,weak fine and medium subangular blocky,very friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many very fine fine tubular random pores,
Auger 160-280 cm	(7.5YR 4/5, moist)clay,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	basic ash
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	fine-grained intermediate igneous rock
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	ejecta ash
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	residual material
Remarks on Parent Materials	ejecta from Merapi
Soil Depth	160cm
Texture of parent material	clayey

Major crops	banana
Land use or vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the site	low level arable farming
Remarks on Land Use / Vegetation	LANDUSE: Home gardens with "Bajur" for poles

Altitude	600m
Physiographic Unit	lower foothill of Merapi
Physiographic position of the site	middle slope
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	volcano
Slope	30%
Form of the slope surrounding the site	convex
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	hilly

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Flooding frequency (FAO, 1986)	never
Kind of ground water table (USDA, 1979)	no groundwater table observed
Moist From - To	0-160cm
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow
Estimated run off (class)	rapid

Evidence of alkali ; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-alkaline
Surface cracking	no cracks observed
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost (USDA/SCS, 1979)	no surface slaking/crusting observed
Rock outcrop class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none
Evidence of salt; Soil Survey Manual USDA, 1951	non-saline
Surface stoniness class (FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description)	none

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Reference soil Indonesia 37: Phaeozem

Characteristics

Reference soil ID037: Phaeozems

Classification