Reference soil Netherlands 11: Luvisol

NL011

Distribution of Luvisols (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Crops: sugar beet. In adjacent field maize and cereals.

WRB 1998:

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988:

FAO-UNESCO 1974:

Haplic Luvisol

lithic phase

Orthic Luvisol

lithic phase

Other classification

Classification (other)

Bergbrikgrond or "kleefaarde"

Location:

Prov. of Limburg, near Elkenrade

Physical

Particle size distribution:

Depth (cm)	Gravel (%)	Very Coarse Sand (%)	Coarse Sand (%)	Medium Sand (%)	Fine Sand (%)	Very Fine Sand (%)	Total Sand (%)	Coarse Silt (%)	Fine Silt (%)	Total Silt (%)	Clay (%)
0-14	-	0.9	0.9	1	2.5	7.8	13.1	39.4	30.6	70	16.9
14-35	-	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.8	6.7	8.5	19.9	30.7	50.6	40.9
35-70	-	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.8	8.6	10	10.7	30.2	40.9	49.1

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk Density (kg/dm³)	Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g)	COLE (cm/cm)	Water Disp. Clay (%)	Clay (%)
0-14	-	-	-	-	16.9
14-35	-	-	-	-	40.9
35-70	-	-	-	-	49.1

Chemical characteristics:

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pH KCl	EC 1 : 2.5 (mS/cm)	CaCO3 (%)	Org. C (%)	Org. N (%)	C / N	Exch. Acid (cmol/kg)	Exch. Al (cmol/kg)	Ca (cmol/kg)	Mg (cmol/kg)	K (cmol/kg)	Na (cmol/kg)	Sum Cations (cmol/kg)
0-14	7.1	6.9	0.5	-	1.88	0.19	10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
14-35	7.4	6.8	0.62	-	0.64	0.09	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-70	7.8	7.0	0.38	-	0.32	0.05	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CEC Soil (cmol/kg)	CEC Clay (cmol/kg)	CEC Org (cmol/kg)	ECEC (cmol/kg)	Base sat. (%)	Al sat. (%)
0-14	-	-	-	-	-	-
14-35	-	-	-	-	-	-
35-70	-	-	-	-	-	-

Profile description:

Ap 0-14 cm	greyish brown (10YR 5/2, dry) very dark greyish brown (10YR 3/2, moist), clay slightly gravelly, massive, hard friable sticky plastic, few fine medium pores, few fine roots, few coarse gravel weathered limestone quartz fragments, calcareous 7, abrupt wavy boundary to,
Bt 14-35 cm	brown (7.5YR 5/4, dry) (7.5YR 4/5, moist), clay slightly gravelly, moderate fine subangular blocky, hard friable sticky plastic, common very fine pores and few pores, few coarse gravel weathered limestone fragments, calcareous 7, clear wavy boundary to,
C 35-70 cm	(7.5YR 4/5, moist), clay very stony, moderately coherent rock, very hard, dominant coarse gravel weathered limestone coarse gravel fragments, strongly calcareous 7.5

The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (1st entry)	limestone
Mode of Accumulation or deposition of parent material (1st entry)	residual material
Texture of parent material (1st entry)
Weathering status of solid rock (1st entry)	partially or moderately
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (1st entry)	moderate
Depth1 of lithological boundary	40 cm
The main parent rock/ material over which the soil has been formed (2nd entry)
Texture of parent material (2nd entry)	clayey
Resistance against weathering (solid rock) (2nd entry)
Soil Depth; depth to which roots can easily penetrate throughout the year	40 cm
Remarks on Parent Materials	soft limestone

Soil erosion type (1st entry)	sheet
Intensity of the soil erosion type (1st entry)	slight
Occurrence of soil aggradation	not apparent
Slope Stability	locally unstable

Current land use at the site	arable farming
Major crops	root crops
Main type of irrigation	no irrigation
Rotation scheme	continuous crop rotation
Vegetation Type;The natural vegetation at the site
Status of vegetation

	The altitude of the soil profile relative to mean sea level, specified in meters	175 m asl
	Regional landform	plateau
	Topography of the surrounding country	rolling
	Physiographic Unit in the immediate surrounding of the site	long slope
	The slope refers to the inclination of the land immediately surrounding the site. The measured or estimated slope angle is specified to the nearest per cent	5 %
	The physiographic position of the site where the profile is located	middle slope
	Form of the slope surrounding the site	straight
	Slope Aspect of the site	north

Depth of groundwater table	cm
Groundwater Top	cm
Groundwater Bottom	cm
Kind of groundwater table	no groundwater table observed
Top Stagnating Layer	cm
Bottom Stagnating Layer	cm
Runoff	rapid
Flooding frequency	never
Estimated permeablity (class) of least permeable part of the profile	moderate
Drainage Class	well
To Drainage Class
Moisture conditions of the profile: dry from -to	0-20 cm
Moisture conditions of the profile: moist from -to	20-40 cm
Wet From - To	cm

Microrelief type: small-scale differences in relief in the direct vicinity of the site	artificial terracing/mounds
Microrelief Pattern	linear
Microrelief Height	300
Rockiness	none
Stoniness	very few stones
Average size of stones
Shape of stones (on average)
Cracks	small cracks (width less than 1 cm, or depth less than 50 cm)
Slaking of aggregates by tillage, rainfall or frost	surface partly slaked, round smooth aggregates
Evidence of salt	non-saline
Evidence of alkali	non-alkaline

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